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José Gervasio Artigas | |
|---|---|
 Artigas en la Ciudadela byJuan Manuel Blanes | |
| Nickname | Karaí-Guasú |
| Born | (1764-06-19)June 19, 1764 |
| Died | September 23, 1850(1850-09-23) (aged 86) |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United Provinces of the Río de la Plata |
| Years of service | 1797–1820 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles / wars | British invasions of the River Plate Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–12) Argentine War of Independence Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental Argentine Civil Wars |
| Signature |  |
José Gervasio Artigas Arnal (Spanish pronunciation:[xoˈsexeɾˈβa.sjoaɾˈti.ɣasaɾˈnal]; June 19, 1764 – September 23, 1850) was a soldier and statesman who is regarded as a national hero inUruguay and the father of Uruguayan nationhood.[1]
Born inMontevideo, Artigas enlisted in the Spanish military in 1797 and fought the British in theAnglo-Spanish War. At the outbreak of theSpanish-American wars of independence, Artigas supported thePrimera Junta inBuenos Aires against Spain. He defeated the Spanish royalists atLas Piedras and laid siege to Montevideo, but was forced to withdraw in the face ofPortuguese intervention. Artigas subsequently broke with thecentralist government of Buenos Aires and took over Montevideo in 1815. He then oversaw the creation of theFederal League, an alliance of six provinces under a federal style of government.
In 1816, theUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves invaded theBanda Oriental, eventually annexing it as a province. Artigas was driven intoParaguay, where he lived in exile until his death in 1850.
Artigas was born inMontevideo on June 19, 1764.[1][2] His grandparents were fromZaragoza,Buenos Aires andTenerife (Canary Islands).[3] His grandparents fought in theWar of the Spanish Succession and moved to the Americas to escape from poverty, settling inBuenos Aires in 1716.[4] Artigas was the son of Martín José Artigas and Francisca Antonia Arnal, who came from a wealthy family. His parents enrolled him in theColegio de San Bernardino, to pursue religious studies, but Artigas refused to submit to the school's strict discipline. Before he left the school, he developed a strong friendship withFernando Otorgues, who would work with him in later years.[5] At the age of 12, he moved to the countryside and worked on his family's farms. His contact with the customs and perspectives ofgauchos and Indians made a great impression on him.[6] Once he had come of age, he distanced himself from his parents and became involved in cattle smuggling. This made him a wanted man among the owners of haciendas and with the government in Montevideo. A reward was put out for his death.[7]
Things changed with the opening of theAnglo-Spanish War, and the threat of a British invasion upon the viceroyalty. The viceroyAntonio de Olaguer y Feliú negotiated a pardon with his family, on the condition that he joined the Corps of Blandengues with a hundred men, to form a battalion.[8] Thus, he began his military career in 1797, at the age of 33, with the rank of lieutenant. The attack finally came in 1806, whenWilliam Beresford invaded Buenos Aires, in thefirst British invasion of the River Plate. Although Artigas's unit was tasked with patrolling the frontier with Brazil, he requested to take part in the military expedition thatSantiago de Liniers launched fromMontevideo to drive the British out of Buenos Aires. His request was granted, and the British were defeated. After the recapture of Buenos Aires, he was tasked with returning to Montevideo and informing the governorPascual Ruiz Huidobro of the result of the battle.[9] A second British invasion was launched culminating in theBattle of Montevideo, which ended in the fall of Montevideo. Artigas was taken prisoner, but he managed to escape and took refuge in the countryside. He organized groups ofgauchos and began aguerrilla war against the British.[10] The British tried to capture Buenos Aires a second time. They were defeated by the local troops and returned Montevideo to Spanish control as part of the terms of capitulation. Artigas was promoted to captain in 1809.[11]
The ideas of theAge of Enlightenment and the outbreak of thePeninsular War (from 1807 to 1814) in Spain, along with the capture of KingFerdinand VII, generated political turbulence all across theSpanish Empire. The absence of the king from the throne (replaced by the FrenchJoseph Bonaparte) and the new ideas of the Enlightenment sparked theSpanish-American wars of independence, between patriots (who wanted to establish republics or constitutional monarchies) and royalists (who wanted to keep an absolute monarchy).Artigas, who thought that the gauchos were not treated well, supported the new ideas.
Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy in 1810, during theMay Revolution, replacing him with thePrimera Junta.
Spain declared Buenos Aires a rogue city, and appointed Montevideo as the new capital, withFrancisco Javier de Elío, who was an experienced hard-line colonialist fromCádiz, as the new viceroy.[12] In February 1811, he declared war on Buenos Aires and this sparked the independence movement of Banda Oriental.[13]Mariano Moreno, the Argentine secretary of war, wrote at theOperations plan that Artigas would be a decisive ally against the royalists in Montevideo, and called him for an interview. However, by the time Artigas arrived in Buenos Aires, Moreno had already left the government. He was still welcomed, but received little help. He was promoted to colonel and received some weapons, money and 150 men, very little to organize a rebellion at theBanda Oriental. This was the last time Artigas saw the city of Buenos Aires.[14]
The alliance between Artigas and the Argentines sustained initial successes, particularly in the late 1810 to mid-1811.[15] Montevideo had financial problems, however, and the measures taken by Elío to maintain the royalist armies were highly unpopular in the countryside. This allowed Artigas to channel the popular discontent against the colonial authorities.[16] A hundred men met near the Asencio stream and made thecry of Asencio, apronunciamiento against the viceroy. They captured many villages in theBanda Oriental, such asMercedes,Santo Domingo,Colla,Maldonado,Paso del Rey,Santa Teresa andSan José. They also capturedGualeguay,Gualeguaychú andArroyo de la China, the west of the Uruguay River.[17]
Elío sent some soldiers to kill Artigas, but they failed to accomplish their mission. Then, he sent Manuel Villagrán, a relative of Artigas, to offer him a pardon and appoint him general and military leader of the Banda Oriental if he gave up the rebellion. Artigas considered the offer an insult, and sent Villagrán prisoner to Buenos Aires.[17]
Montevideo was soon surrounded by Artigas's forces. A Montevidean army tried to stop the patriots at theBattle of Las Piedras, but they were defeated, and the city was put under siege.José Rondeau, commanding forces from Buenos Aires, joined the siege. Artigas wanted to attack the city right away, but Rondeau thought that there would be less loss of lives by establishing a blockade and waiting for the city to surrender. However, the besiegers did not consider the naval forces of Montevideo, who kept the city supplied and enabled them to endure the blockade.[18]
On the verge of defeat, Elío allied himself with Brazilian forces, requestingtheir intervention in the conflict. DomDiogo de Sousa entered the Banda Oriental, leading an army of five thousand men. This added to the Argentinian defeat ofManuel Belgrano at theParaguay campaign, the defeat ofJuan José Castelli at theFirst Upper Peru campaign and the Montevidean naval blockade of Buenos Aires. Fearing a complete defeat, Buenos Aires signed a truce with Elío, recognizing him as the ruler of the Banda Oriental and half of Entre Ríos. Artigas felt the truce to be treasonous. He broke relations with the city, and lifted the blockade over Montevideo.[19]
Artigas left the Banda Oriental and moved toSalto Chico, in Entre Ríos. All his supporters moved with him. This massive departure is known as theOriental exodus.
The Supreme DirectorGervasio Antonio de Posadas offered a reward of $6.000 for the capture of Artigas, dead or alive. The only consequence of this action was increased resentment of the Orientals towards Buenos Aires. Several royalist leaders, such as Vigodet or Pezuela, sought an alliance with Artigas against Buenos Aires, but he rejected them: "I may not be sold, nor do I want more reward for my efforts than to see my nation free from the Spanish rule".[20] Despite the deep disputes, Artigas was still eager to return to good terms with Buenos Aires, but only if the city accepted a national organization based on federalist principles.[21]
Posadas sent two more armies to capture and execute Artigas, but they mutinied and joined the Orientals. When the Artiguist influence expanded to Corrientes, Posadas sought to negotiate by accepting the autonomy of the provinces. Artigas accepted the terms, but clarified that such autonomy must not be understood as national independence. He did not want to secede the Banda Oriental from the United provinces, but to organize them as a confederation. Posadas, who supported the authority of Buenos Aires as the head of a centralized state, delayed the approval of the treaty.[22]
Buenos Aires renewed the military actions against Montevideo. This time, the naval skills of ArgentinianWilliam Brown helped to overcome the strength of the Montevidean navy, leading to the final defeat of the royalist stronghold.Carlos María de Alvear led the capture of Montevideo, and lured Artigas there by promising that he would turn over the city to the Oriental patriots. Alvear attacked them without warning at Las Piedras, but Artigas managed to escape from the trap.[23]
In 1814, Artigas organized theLiga de los Pueblos Libres (League of the Free Peoples), of which he was declared Protector. In the following year, he liberated Montevideo from the control of the "Unitarians" from Buenos Aires.
In 1815, Artigas attended the Congress of Oriente, a year before the Congress of Tucuman, held in Arrollo de la China (today known as Concepción del Uruguay). It was at this congress that the provinces of the Oriental Province (today the country ofUruguay),Córdoba,Corrientes,Entre Ríos,Misiones andSanta Fe declared themselves independent from Spain and formed theLiga Federal ("Federal League"). The Liga Federal invited other provinces of the former Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata to join them under a federal system.
In this congress, Artigas rectified the use of the flag created byManuel Belgrano (which would later become the flag of theArgentine Republic), adding a diagonal festoon in red, the color of federalism inArgentina at that time, and changing the Borbonic light blue for Revolutionary dark blue.
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The continued growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened the governments inBuenos Aires (because of its federalism) and Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in August 1816, Portugal invaded theEastern Province (with tacit complicity from Buenos Aires), with the intention of destroying Artigas and his revolution.
The Portuguese forces, led byCarlos Frederico Lecor, captured Artigas and his deputies and occupied Montevideo on 20 January 1817, but the struggle continued for three years in the countryside. Infuriated by Buenos Aires's passivity, Artigasdeclared war on Buenos Aires while he was losing to the Portuguese. His subordinates, members of the Federal League—Francisco Ramírez, governor ofEntre Ríos, andEstanislao López, governor ofSanta Fe—managed todefeat the centralism of Buenos Aires. But hope for a new nation was short-lived; both commanders enteredagreements with Buenos Aires that went against the principles of Artigas. They rebelled against him and left him to be crushed by the Portuguese.
Without resources and men, Artigas withdrew toParaguay in September 1820. In Paraguay, Dr.Francia, the dictator, banished him to Candelaria. He then disappeared from the political life of the region.
After a long exile, he died in Paraguay on September 23rd in 1850, at age 86. It is said that Artigas, feeling himself to be near death, asked for a horse and died in the saddle, as a gaucho. His remains were buried and then re-interred at the Panteón Nacional in 1855. On 19 June 1977, his remains were transferred to theArtigas Mausoleum in the centre of thePlaza Independencia.
Artigas was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed tomonarchism andcentralism.
Artiguism has two main sources: the works of American authors such asThomas Paine (supporters offederalism) and the French authors of theEnlightenment asJean-Jacques Rousseau. Some books Artigas read in his teens include Paine'sCommon Sense and Rousseau'sThe Social Contract. The first "Caudillo" or Founding Father of the La Plata territory seems to be inspired more in the British enlightenment than from the French.
The ideology of Artigas is partially taken from U.S. legal texts. The American political liberalism exerted a strong influence on Artigas. Other Hispanic independence leaders, however, were more influenced by the French Revolution and the authors of France. Some historians such as Eugenio Petit Muñoz and Ariosto González, have shown that some paragraphs of the Artiguist documents were taken directly from"The Independence of the Mainland Justified by Thomas Paine, Thirty Years Ago" published by Paine in Philadelphia in 1811 and translated immediately into Spanish, and"Concise History of the United States" by John McCulloch. Artigas had both books.
The first of the works cited contained a large appendix of documents with theUnited States Declaration of Independence, theFederal Constitution of 1787 and theState Constitutions of Massachusetts,New Jersey,Pennsylvania andVirginia.
Artigas has become a national hero in Uruguay. This is significant as, since independence, many Uruguayan figures have been heroes of either theColorado or theBlanco party, while being reviled by the other side. As such, Artigas has been the namesake of numerous places, vessels, etc. throughoutUruguayan history, particularly during periods of peace and reunification between the parties.
Artigas's birthday (19 June) is celebrated as anational holiday in Uruguay.
Statues of José Artigas stand onConstitution Avenue in Washington, D.C.; on6th Avenue inSpring Street Park, New York; in Plaza ArtigasSalto, Uruguay; inCaracas,Venezuela; inAthens,Greece; inMexico City; inNewark, New Jersey; inQuito, Ecuador as well as in the town centre ofMontevideo, Minnesota and inPunta del Este, Uruguay.Asunción, Paraguay has a statue of Artigas in its Plaza Uruguay, and theCalle Sebastián Gaboto was renamed theAvenida Artigas in his honor in 1926. An imposing monument of the Uruguayan caudillo stands inBuenos Aires' Recoleta district on the Avenida Libertador, the work of Uruguayan sculptor Juan José Zorrilla de San Martín and architect Alejandro Bustillo. A bust of José Gervasio Artigas can be also found atLuis Muñoz Rivera Park inSan Juan, Puerto Rico.
The Crest ofClub Nacional de Football is inspired by the Artigas flag.
Additionally, an extinct giant rodentgenus, whose fossils were first found inSan José Department, was namedJosephoartigasia after José Artigas.
There is also a monument and square dedicated to Artigas in Rome, in the Villa Borghese park,Italy.
There is a monument in honor of José Artigas inBucharest,Romania.
There is a monument in honor of José Artigas inSofia,Bulgaria.
Jose Artigas Marg is a street named in honor of Jose Artigas inNew Delhi,India.
There is a bust of Artigas and an abstract sculpture representing his flag in Avenida do Uruguai, Lisbon, Portugal.
There is an order of Merit, theOrder of Military Merit of the Companions of Artigas, founded in 1980.
There is one in Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States, April 19, 2013.
His remains were re-interred at theCentral Cemetery of Montevideo in 1855, and in 1977 they were transferred to theArtigas Mausoleum.
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