Jonathan Norcross | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 4thMayor of Atlanta | |
| In office 1851–1852 | |
| Preceded by | Willis Buell |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Gibbs |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 18, 1808 |
| Died | December 18, 1898 (aged 90) |
| Party | Moral Party |
Jonathan Norcross (April 18, 1808 – December 18, 1898) was elected in 1850 as the fourth Mayor ofAtlanta,Georgia, serving the customary term at the time of one year. Dubbed the "Father of Atlanta" and "hard fighter of everything" by publisherHenry W. Grady, he followed three mayors elected from theFree and Rowdy Party.[1]
Born on April 18, 1808, inOrono, Maine,[2] Jonathan Norcross was the second son of clergyman Jesse Norcross, a Baptist minister from Penobscot,[3] and his wife Nancy (née Gaubert) fromDresden, Maine.[4] He had six siblings, including older brother Nicholas Gaubert Norcross (see last section below). His younger siblings include: Livonia (b. January 1810), brother Jesse (b. June 3, 1812), Nancy Gaubert (b. March 2, 1816), who married Moses M. Swan of Augusta, Maine;[5] Maria (b. February 1818), and Louisa Norcross (b. October 1823). After the death of Nancy, his second wife was Mary Ann Hill.[6]
Their paternal immigrant ancestor was Jeremiah Norcross from England, who settled in Watertown,Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638.[7] The immigrant owned land in Cambridge before 1642, and was afreeman of that town in 1652. The branches of the family became established early in New England.[8]
Norcross attended common schools and was taught the trade ofmillwright. As a young man he went toCuba, where he helped construct amill for processing sugar. While attending lectures in mechanics at theFranklin Institute,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Norcross principally studied arts and sciences.
Norcross left Pennsylvania in 1833 to teach school at an academy inNorth Carolina. (There were essentially no public schools in the South in the antebellum years.) He moved to Georgia in 1835, in the period of new development afterIndian Removal of theFive Civilized Tribes from the Southeast by United States military forces to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Norcross lived first in Augusta, then settled in the area that developed as Atlanta.
In 1836, he took charge of lumber interests in southern Georgia for Northern capitalists. While inPutnam County, Georgia, he filed a patent, US 3210 for aReciprocating Mill-Saw Guide in August 1843.[9][10] From these efforts, he developed a vertical saw with a circular wheel 40 feet in diameter. It could be adjusted in an almost horizontal position, with a capacity to saw approximately 1,000 feet of lumber per day.
In August 1844, Norcross settled in Marthasville, Georgia, then the terminus of theGeorgia Railroad.[11] He became a sawmill operator and dry goods merchant. His sawmill mostly produced railroad ties and string timbers for construction of the railroad.
Norcross described the excitement attendant to the arrival of the first trains at the station in 1845:
I recalled very well the first train of cars over the Georgia Railroad. It was on the 15th of September, 1845. The train came in about dark.Judge King was on board and a great many others. There were a great many people out, and there was a good deal of excitement. There was a well in the square here, and such was the excitement, and it being dark, a man fell into the well and was drowned. Judge King came very near falling in there, also. It was dark, and he was just on the brink of stepping in when someone caught him and saved him. I suppose there were about twenty families here at the time.[12]: 213
Poor workers and settlers used the leavings of the mill as timbers for shanties; this area became known asSlabtown. Dominated by railway workers and their tastes, it was considered a center of vice: brothels, saloons, and gambling. This area was cleared in 1902 by disguised paramilitary known asWhite Caps. The site was later redeveloped forGrady Memorial Hospital.
In 1845 the railroad terminus of Marthasville was renamed as Atlanta (it was chartered in December 1847). Norcross commented that many decisions were made in haste: "[t]he reason why the streets are so crooked is that every man built on his land just to suit himself."[13]
In 1849 Norcross co-founded theDaily Intelligencer newspaper.[14]
In 1851 Norcross was among two dozen founders of the Atlanta National Bank. These men believed a growing town needed its own bank.[12]: 402–403, 420–421 But the first charter Bank of Atlanta was unsuccessful.[12]: 422 Given regional economic instability, there had been a bank "run" in 1845; after another occurred in October 1855, the director closed this bank.[12]: 423–424 On March 6, 1856, Norcross and others incorporated the Bank of Fulton; this second bank of Atlanta had greater success.
Norcross owned the 1894 landmarkNorcross Building atFive Points in what becameDowntown Atlanta. It was destroyed by fire in 1902.
Norcross unsuccessfully ran for mayor in 1848, in the town's first election, when fewer than 225 white men voted (women and free blacks did not have the franchise).Moses W. Formwalt of theFree and Rowdy Party won. The mayoral term was only one year, and two more Rowdy candidates were elected before Norcross ran again in 1850, representing the Moral Party against Leonard C. Simpson, an attorney and candidate for the Free and Rowdy Party. Norcross won as a "temperance man who hated civic disturbances"; he presented a choice between civilian law and order and the bellicose Rowdies. The 40 drinking establishments and thrivingred light district ofSlabtown offended the mores of evangelicals and they believed this contributed to problems for families in the railroad town.
As mayor, Norcross served also as bothde jure Chief of Police and Superintendent of Atlanta's Streets.[1] He intended to usepublic shaming to persuade the Rowdies to move a mile south-west to "Snake Nation".
Norcross's political platform suggested that the Moral Party could be viewed as "American statesmen defend[-ing] their principles of 'classical republicanism', with arguments drawn fromAristotle,Publius, andCicero".[15]
As a businessman, Norcross supported railroad construction to link Atlanta to other cities and coastal ports. "[T]he key issue before inland cities like Atlanta was transportation, and the railroad was the key to commercial prosperity."[16]
On April 3, 1856, Norcross was among 16 founders of theAir Line Railway, for which he served as president.[12]: 203–204 It was planned to run through theCarolinas andVirginia to carry freight between New York, Atlanta, andNew Orleans. TheGeorgia General Assembly did not approve the project, largely because of intense lobbying from the competing Georgia Western Railroad andCentral of Georgia Railway. After Norcross gained abond commitment from the city of Atlanta,Lemuel Grant joined the list of adversaries supporting a different route (Georgia Western Railway). By 1860 both rail ventures were dead. New railroad construction did not take place until after the Civil War.
Norcross opposed the state's vote for secession in 1861. In 1865, then aged in his late 50s, he was one of the Committee of Citizens (withWilliam Markham) who surrendered the town toUnion GeneralHenry Slocum.[17]
In 1876, near the end of theReconstruction era, Norcross ran as theRepublican nominee forGovernor of Georgia. He was defeated byDemocratAlfred H. Colquitt, at a time of intense efforts by Democrats to disrupt and suppress Republican voting, especially byfreedmen, with a combination of fraud and violence. White conservative Democrats took back control of the state legislature and governorship.
Norcross made an impassioned speech, from whichThe New York Times printed an excerpt.[18]
In the late nineteenth century, beginning in 1865, Norcross began to publish some essays about politics:
Norcross in April 1845 had married the widow [Mrs.] Harriet N. [Bogle] (from Montgomery, Alabama, born in Blount Co., Tennessee). She died in August 1876.[19] They had a son together, Virgil C. Norcross, who became a clergyman and pastor of the First Baptist Church (orig. James' Chapel).[20] He married Lydia F. Howes on May 19, 1875, in Bibb, Georgia.
On September 4, 1877, the widower Jonathan Norcross married again, to Mary Ann Hill, in Fulton, Georgia.
The last survivingantebellum mayor of Atlanta, Norcross died at his home in Atlanta on December 18, 1898, at age 90.[2][6] He is buried inOakland Cemetery in Atlanta, in a marked grave, Section 10, Block 140, Lot 3.[1]Norcross, Georgia, a city in the suburbs ofAtlanta, is named in his honor.[21]
Nicholas G. Norcross, the older brother of Norcross, was born December 25, 1805, also in Orono, Maine.[22] He married Sophronia Pratt and moved toBangor, where he established a career in the lumber industry. He finally settled inLowell, Massachusetts, also an area for lumber, as well as textile mills that became increasingly important to the economy. There Norcross was known as "The Lumber King" of Lowell. His daughter Caroline married Charles Wesley Saunders, who also became known in the local lumber industry and in politics.[8]
This article incorporates text from thepublic domain 1902 bookAtlanta And Its Builders by Thomas H. Martin
Media related toJonathan Norcross at Wikimedia Commons
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by D. Walker | Republican nominee forGovernor of Georgia 1876 | Vacant Title next held by Roscoe Pickett |
| Preceded by | Mayor of Atlanta 1851–1852 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
