John of Nikiû (fl. 680–690) was anEgyptianCopticbishop ofNikiû (Pashati) in theNile Delta and general administrator of themonasteries ofUpper Egypt in 696. He is the author of aChronicle extending fromAdam to the end of theMuslim conquest of Egypt. John of Nikiû'sChronicle contains important historical details otherwise unknown.

There are two main sources for John's life. The first is theHistory of the Patriarchs bySeverus, Bishop of Al-Ashmunayn (Heliopolis). This draws on two originally independent biographies that mention John: those ofPope Isaac of Alexandria (690–692 CE) andPope Simeon I of Alexandria (692–700 CE). The second source is the Life ofIsaac of Alexandria composed by John's successor as bishop of Nikiu,Mena of Nikiu, between 697 and 700 CE.^[1]: 6

According to theHistory of the Patriarchs, John lived under thePatriarchsJohn III,Isaac, andSimeon. The Patriarch Simeon removed John from office for having disciplined a monk (presumed guilty of leading other monks into removing a nun from her monastery's cell inWadi Habib and sleeping with her) so severely that the monk died ten days later.^[1]: 10

The original editor of this text, Zotenberg, argued that John of Nikiû'sChronicle was originally written mostly inGreek, theorising that some of the name forms indicate that John wrote the sections concerning Egypt inCoptic. Scholarly opinion has shifted, however, to the belief that this chronicle was probably written in Coptic.^[2] The work survives only in aGe'ez translation.^[3] In 1602, anArabic translation of the original was made. Sections of the text are obviously corrupted with accidental omissions. Most notably, a passage covering thirty years (from 610 to 640) is missing. The narrative, especially the earlier sections up until the reign of Constantine, has many obvious historical errors. These may be due to mistakes by the copyist, or to a policy of deliberate negligence towards Pagan history. There are also many instances of myth and less a reliance on pure history, for instance, Julius Caesar's mother being cut open to birth him, resulting in a Caesarian section. This is a fable made up by later historians and bears no evidence to historical fact.^{[dubious –discuss]}

John's view of the earliest periods of history is informed by sources such asSextus Julius Africanus andJohn Malalas. TheChronicle is most noteworthy for its passages dealing with the early 7th century. John covers in detail the revolt of theThracian armies in602 and the subsequent overthrow of the EmperorMaurice by the usurperPhocas. His account adds considerably to our knowledge of the reign of Phocas and particularly to the successful revolt against him begun atCarthage byHeraclius. However, the section dealing with the climacticPersian wars waged by Heraclius is not extant.

Perhaps the most important section of John'sChronicle is that which deals with the invasion and conquest of Egypt by the Muslim armies ofAmr ibn al-Aas. Though probably not an eyewitness, John was most likely of the generation immediately following the conquest, and the Chronicle provides the only near-contemporary account. John describes the major events of Amr's campaign, such as the taking of theBabylon Fortress and the capture ofAlexandria. Though the timeline is occasionally confusing, its narrative details are often vivid.

In theChronicle, John vividly records the fear that gripped Egypt during the Muslim invasions:

Then a panic fell on all the cities of Egypt, and all their inhabitants took to flight, and made their way to Alexandria, abandoning all their possessions and wealth and cattle.^[4]

He also makes several mentions of alleged atrocities committed against the Copts by the Arabs:

And these Ishmaelites came and slew without mercy the commander of the troops and all his companions. And forthwith they compelled the city to open its gates, and they put to the sword all that surrendered, and they spared none, whether old men, babe or woman.^[5]

Also:

And thereupon the Moslem made their entry into Nakius, and took possession, and finding no soldiers (to offer resistance), they proceeded to put to the sword all whom they found in the streets and in the churches, men, women, and infants, and they showed mercy to none.^[6]

John also reports the prohibitive new taxes placed on the native population. In some cases, the taxes were so burdensome that families were forced to sell their children into slavery. He also admonishes Egyptians who abandoned Christianity in favour of Islam.Writing from amiaphysite point of view—at odds with thedyophysite Christology affirmed at theCouncil of Chalcedon in 451—John describes the Islamic invasion of his homeland as divine punishment for theChalcedonian beliefs which held sway in theByzantine Empire. At the close of hisChronicle, John describes the despair felt by the conquered Alexandrians, writing:

None could recount the mourning and lamentation which took place in that city....And they had none to help them, and God destroyed their hopes and delivered the Christians into the hands of their enemies.^[7]

The account ends with the faith that divine retribution would still befall his people's enemies:

But the strong beneficence of God will put to shame those who grieve us, and He will make His love for man to triumph over our sins, and bring to naught the evil purposes of those who afflict us, who would not that the King of Kings and Lord of Lords should reign over them, (even) Jesus Christ our true God. As for those wicked slaves, He will destroy them in evil fashion: as saith the holy Gospel: 'As for Mine enemies who would not that I should reign over them, bring them unto Me.'^[8]

• Charles, Robert H. (2007) [1916].The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing.ISBN 978-1-889758-87-9.;Introduction andEnglish translation from Tertullian.org;Introduction andEnglish translation from earlychristianwritings.com.
• "La Chronique de Jean de Nikioû", ed. and translated into French by H. Zotenberg inNotices et Extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, t. XXIV, I, pp. 125–605 (Paris, 1883) and also separately (Paris, 1883). (Online version inGallica website at the "Bibliothèque nationale de France")

• Mingazov, S. 2012. Kubrat - pravitel’ Velikoy Bolgarii i Ketrades - personal Ioanna Nikiusskogo (‘Kubrat, the ruler of Great Bulgaria, and Qetrades, a character from the Chronicle of John of Nikiu’) (Kazan’: Iydatel’stvo Yaz, 2012).
• Catholic Encyclopedia: John of Nikiû
• Yirga, Felege-Selam Solomon (2025).The Chronicle of John of Nikiu: Coping with Crisis in Post-Roman Egypt. University of California Press.ISBN 9780520421172.

• 7th-century historians
• Coptic Orthodox Christians from Egypt
• 7th-century Coptic Orthodox bishops
• Egypt under the Umayyad Caliphate
• Medieval Egyptian historians
• 7th-century Egyptian people

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