In addition to the Nobel Prize, Polanyi has received numerous other awards, including 33 honorary degrees, theWolf Prize in Chemistry and theGerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering. Outside his scientific pursuits, Polanyi is active in public policy discussion, especially concerning science and nuclear weapons. His father, Mihály (Michael), was a noted chemist and philosopher. His uncle Károly (Karl) was a renowned political economist, best known for his seminal work,The Great Transformation.[4] According toGyörgy Marx, he was one of "The Martians", a group of prominent Hungarian scientists who emigrated to the United States in the first half of the 20th century.[5]
Polanyi's father Michael was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism. Polanyi's family moved from Germany to Britain in 1933, partly as a result of the persecution ofJews underAdolf Hitler.[6] DuringWorld War II, Polanyi's father sent him to Canada for three years when he was 11, so he would be safe fromGerman bombings.[7] While living in Toronto, he attended theUniversity of Toronto Schools. After returning to Britain, Polanyi finished high school and attended university atManchester, where he received his undergraduate degree in 1949 and hisPhD in 1952.[8] Although his university education was focused in science, he was not convinced it was his calling after finishing high school, when he briefly considered a career as a poet.[9] His father,Michael Polanyi, was a professor in the chemistry department during his first year of university, before transferring to a newly created position in thesocial studies department. Polanyi's supervisor during his graduate studies wasErnest Warhurst, a former student of his father's.[10] After completing his PhD studies, Polanyi did postdoctoral research at theNational Research Council in Ottawa,Ontario from 1952 until 1954, where he worked withEdgar William Richard Steacie.[10] From 1954 until 1956, he was a research associate atPrinceton University.[8][3]
John Polanyi started at theUniversity of Toronto as a lecturer in 1956. He moved up the ranks quickly at the university, being promoted to assistant professor in 1957, associate professor in 1960 and becoming a full professor in 1962.[3] In 1975, he was named University Professor, an honorary title he has retained since.[8]
Polanyi's PhD studies at Manchester University focused on measuring the strengths ofchemical bonds using thermal dissociation, building on Warhurst's graduate studies using a sodium flame apparatus to determine the likelihood that a collision between a sodium atom and another molecule would lead to achemical reaction.[10] For the majority of his career, Polanyi's research has focused on chemical dynamics, attempting to determine the mechanics of achemical reaction, and the properties of chemical species in thetransition state.[7] While at theNational Research Council (NRC), Polanyi evaluatedtransition state theory for its predictive powers, coming to the conclusion that the theory was flawed, largely due to a lack of knowledge about the forces at play in the transition state.[10] Near the end of his stay at NRC, Polanyi worked inGerhard Herzberg's lab, usingspectroscopy to examine vibrational and rotational excitation in iodine molecules.[10] During Polanyi's time atPrinceton University, he worked with SirHugh Taylor and his colleagues, Michael Boudart and David Garvin. He was influenced by studies conducted at Princeton looking at the vibrationally excited reaction products between atomichydrogen andozone.[10]
When Polanyi moved to theUniversity of Toronto, his first graduate students were looking for enhanced reaction rates with vibrationally excited hydrogen, as well as looking for the presence of vibrationally excited hydrogen chloride during theexothermic reaction of molecular chlorine with atomic hydrogen.[10] Graduate student Kenneth Cashion was working with Polanyi when they made their first discoveries aboutchemiluminescence, the light emitted by an atom molecule when it is in anexcited state. This work was first published in 1958.[11]
In 2009, Polanyi and his colleagues published a paper inNature Chemistry, entitled "Molecular dynamics in surface reactions."[12] This more recent research could be influential innanotechnology, building devices from single atoms and molecules.[13] Polanyi's work still focuses on the basic workings of chemical reactions, but since his Nobel Prize win in 1986, his methods have changed. While inSweden for the award ceremony, he encountered the three scientists who were awarded the 1986Nobel Prize in Physics, who were honoured for their work inelectron optics andscanning tunneling microscopy.[14] This technology allowed Polanyi and his colleagues to monitor chemical reactions on a very small scale, rather than observing the energy being released using infrared technology. His lab at the University of Toronto currently has 4 scanning tunneling microscopes, valued at approximately $750,000 each.[13]
In addition to his scientific pursuits, Polanyi has also always been keenly aware of the world at large. As a student, he edited a newspaper and displayed an interest in politics.[10] Although his father was a scientist, he did not demonstrate an immediate affinity for chemistry.[7] Beginning in the 1950s, Polanyi became involved in public affairs, especially concerningnuclear weapons.[10] He founded Canada'sPugwash group in 1960, and served as the chairman for the group from its inception until 1978.[10] Pugwash is a global movement that received theNobel Peace Prize in 1995. Their goal is to reduce armed conflict and seek solutions to global problems.[15] He has also been a supporter of "pure" science, and a critic of government policies that do not support such research.[11] He is also a supporter of theCampaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.[16] Polanyi often accepts speaking engagements to discuss issues relating to social justice, peace and nuclear proliferation, despite his busy research schedule.[13] He frequently comments on science and public policy issues via theLetters to the Editor andOpinion sections ofThe Globe and Mail newspaper.[17][18][19] He currently serves on the National Advisory Board of the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, the research arm ofCouncil for a Livable World.[20]
Polanyi was awarded the 1986Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work inchemical kinetics. He shared the prize withDudley Herschbach ofHarvard University andYuan T. Lee of theUniversity of California. The trio were honoured for "their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."[21] Polanyi's contributions were centred around the work he did developing the technique ofinfrared chemiluminescence. This technique was used to measure weak infrared emissions from a newly formed molecule in order to examine energy disposal during a chemical reaction.[21] Polanyi's Nobel lecture upon receipt of the award was entitled "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics."[22]
Polanyi had mixed feelings about the impact of the Nobel Prize on his research, feeling that his name on research proposals and papers often brought additional scrutiny, and also had people questioning his dedication to science after the honour. Polanyi said, "There is a very reasonable suspicion that you are so busy doing the things that Nobel Prize winners do that you are actually only giving half your mind to science."[13]
His Nobel victory also signaled a change in his research direction. The 1986Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded toErnst Ruska,Gerd Binnig andHeinrich Rohrer for their work inelectron microscopes andscanning tunnelling microscopy (STM).[14] This research piqued Polanyi's interest while he was in Sweden for the ceremony. After returning to Toronto, Polanyi and his colleagues looked into the technique and now have four STMs, which they use to picture chemical reactions at the molecular level, rather than using infrared detection and chemiluminescence.[13]
Polanyi's Nobel medal is on display atMassey College (University of Toronto) where he is also a Senior Fellow.
Polanyi was pictured on aCanada Post first class postage stamp on 3 October 2011, issued to salute theInternational Year of Chemistry. In 1992, Polanyi was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council of Canada.[26]
Polanyi was awarded the 2022 Andrei Sakharov Prize. The award cites Polanyi's seven decades of activism for a nuclear-weapons-free world, for upholding human rights and freedom of speech globally, for public education on the essential role of science in society, and for a visionary approach to bringing about a hopeful, peaceful future.[27]
In honour of Polanyi's Nobel Prize win, the Ontario government established the "John Charles Polanyi Prizes". These prizes are each worth $20,000, and are awarded to young researchers in the province in a postdoctoral fellowship or who have recently started a faculty appointment at an Ontario university. The prizes are awarded in similar categories to the Nobel Prizes, broadly defined as:Physics,Chemistry,Physiology or Medicine, Economics and Literature.[28]
Canada'sNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) created the John C. Polanyi award to recognize a researcher or researchers whose work in an NSERC-supported field has led to an outstanding advance in the field. The research must have been conducted in Canada, and have been at least partially supported by NSERC funding. The award consists partially of a $250,000 grant for the winner.[29] The inaugural winner of the John C. Polanyi Award was theSudbury Neutrino Observatory.[30] In 2011, the award was presented toVictoria M. Kaspi, anastrophysicist atMcGill University.[31]
Polanyi started publishing his scientific research in 1953. As of 2010, he has published over 250 scientific papers.[32] His writing is not limited to his scientific interests, as he has published over 100 articles on policy, the impact of science on society and armament control.[8] In 1970, he produced a film entitledConcepts in Reaction Dynamics, and he co-edited a book calledThe Dangers of Nuclear War.[8]
Polanyi was born in 1929 toMichael and Magda Elizabeth Kemény Polanyi inBerlin, Germany.[8] His father was born in 1891, inHungary.[6] His uncleKarl was an economist, noted for his criticism ofmarket capitalism.[11] His brother George was noted for his defence of market capitalism. His paternal grandfather, Mihaly Pollacsek, built railways.[11] Mihaly PollacsekMagyarised the family's name to Polanyi, but did not change his own name.[6] The Polanyi's were non-observantJews, although Michael Polanyi became aChristian.[citation needed]
In 1958, Polanyi married Anne Ferrar Davidson (1929–2013).[33] He has two children – a daughter, Margaret, born in 1961 and a son, Michael, born in 1963.[8] His daughter is a journalist, and his son is a political scientist who started his career as a physicist.[10] Polanyi is currently married to portrait artistBrenda Bury.[34] Outside his scientific and policy endeavours, Polanyi's interests include art, literature and poetry. He was an avid white water canoeist in his younger days, but has replaced that with walking and skiing.[10]
^Harikumar, K. R.; Leung, L.; McNab, I. R.; Polanyi, J. C.; Lin, H.; Hofer, W. A. (2009). "Cooperative molecular dynamics in surface reactions".Nature Chemistry.1 (9):716–721.Bibcode:2009NatCh...1..716H.doi:10.1038/nchem.440.PMID21124358.
^abcdeHall, Joseph (21 November 2009). "Not resting on his (Nobel) laurels "; 'I still dream science,' says 1986 chemistry Prize winner John Polanyi who's now tackling nanotechnology".Toronto Star. p. GT1.
