John O'Connor | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal,Archbishop of New York | |
 | |
| See | Archdiocese of New York |
| Appointed | January 26, 1984 |
| Installed | March 19, 1984 |
| Term ended | May 3, 2000 |
| Predecessor | Terence Cooke |
| Successor | Edward Egan |
| Other post | Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo |
| Previous post |
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| Orders | |
| Ordination | December 15, 1945 by Hugh L. Lamb |
| Consecration | May 27, 1979 by Pope John Paul II |
| Created cardinal | May 25, 1985 by Pope John Paul II |
| Rank | Cardinal Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1920-01-15)January 15, 1920 Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | May 3, 2000(2000-05-03) (aged 80) New York City, U.S. |
| Buried | St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York |
| Denomination | Roman Catholicism |
| Alma mater | |
| Motto | There Can Be No Love Without Justice |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1952–1979 |
| Rank |  Rear admiral |
| Commands | Chief of Chaplains of the Navy |
| Battles / wars | Korean War |
Ordination history of John O'Connor | |||||||||||||||||
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John Joseph O'Connor (January 15, 1920 – May 3, 2000) was anAmerican Catholic prelate who served asArchbishop of New York from 1984 until his death in 2000, and was made acardinal in 1985.
O'Connor previously served as aU.S. Navy chaplain (1952 to 1979), including four years as chief of chaplains, as an auxiliary bishop of theMilitary Vicariate of the United States (1979 to 1983), and asBishop of Scranton from 1983 to 1984.
John O'Connor was born inPhiladelphia on January 15, 1920, the fourth of five children of Thomas J. O'Connor, and Dorothy Magdalene (née Gomple) O'Connor. Thomas was a painter and Dorothy was the daughter of Gustave Gumpel, akosher butcher andJewishrabbi.[1] In 2014, it was discovered that Dorothy was baptized a Catholic at age 19 and that the couple wed one year later.[2]
O'Connor attended public schools in Philadelphia until his junior year of high school, when he enrolled inWest Philadelphia Catholic High School for Boys. Having decided to become a priest, he then enrolled atSt. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.[3][4]
After graduating from St. Charles, O'Connor was ordained apriest for theArchdiocese of Philadelphia on December 15, 1945, in Philadelphia by Auxiliary BishopHugh L. Lamb. After his 1945 ordination, the archdiocese assigned O'Connor as a faculty member at St. James High School inChester, Pennsylvania.[5][6] During this seven-year period, O'Connor obtained a Master of Arts degree in advanced ethics fromVillanova University in Philadelphia and a Master of Arts degree inclinical psychology from theCatholic University of America in Washington, D.C.[7]
O'Connor joined theUnited States Navy Chaplain Corps in 1952 during theKorean War.[8]He was eventually namedrear admiral andchief of chaplains of the Navy in 1975.[9]He obtained approval for the establishment of the RP [Religious Program Specialist] Enlisted Rating, and oversaw the process of standing up this rating. The RP rating providedchaplains with a dedicated enlisted community. The Vatican named O'Connor as anhonorary prelate of his holiness on October 27, 1966.[10]
O'Connor received adoctorate in political science fromGeorgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he studied under futureUnited Nations ambassadorJeane Kirkpatrick.[11] Kirkpatrick said of O'Connor that he was "... surely one of the two or three smartest graduate students I've ever had."[12]
On April 24, 1979,Pope John Paul II appointed O'Connor as anauxiliary bishop of theMilitary Vicariate for the United States andtitular bishop of Cursola.[5][13] He was consecrated to theepiscopate on May 27, 1979, atSt. Peter's Basilica inRome by John Paul himself, with CardinalsDuraisamy Lourdusamy andEduardo Somalo acting as co-consecrators.
On May 6, 1983, John Paul II named O'Connor as bishop of Scranton; he was installed in that position on June 29, 1983.[14][5]
| Styles of John O'Connor | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | New York |
On January 26, 1984, after the death of CardinalTerence Cooke, O'Connor was appointed archbishop of New York and administrator of the Military Vicariate by John Paul II; O'Connor was installed on March 19, 1984.[6][5]
O'Connor was elevated tocardinal in the May 25, 1985, consistory, with thetitular church ofSanti Giovanni e Paolo inRome (the traditional one for theArchbishop of New York from 1946 to 2009).[6]
On December 10, 1989, 4,500 members of ACT UP andWomen's Health Action and Mobilization (WHAM) demonstrated atSt. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan to voice their opposition to O'Connor's positions on HIV/AIDS education, the distribution of condoms in public schools, andabortion rights for women. Police arrested 43 protestors from inside the cathedral.[15]
Throughout his tenure as archbishop of New York, Cardinal O'Connor advocated on behalf of many groups whom he believed to be downtrodden, but there was no group that he advocated for more strongly than the unborn. To that end, O'Connor started a religious order of women known as theSisters of Life, which still exists today.
O'Connor had a close relationship with Pope John Paul II, and both leaders were very similar in their emphasis, including a focus on the sanctity of human life from conception to natural death. When naming O'Connor the Archbishop of New York in 1984, the pope is purported to have said "I want someone like myself in New York". In 1995, for the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations, Pope Saint John Paul II visited New York and while there, O'Connor hosted him at Saint Patrick's Cathedral for a rosary service on October 7, 1995 for which O'Connor appointed Joseph Polchinski as one of the servers.
When O'Connor reached the retirement age for bishops of 75 years in January 1995, he submitted his resignation to Pope John Paul II as required bycanon law.[16] However the pope did not accept the resignation, and O'Connor continued to serve as Archbishop of New York until his death.[17]
O'Connor was diagnosed in 1999 with abrain tumor, and died in the archbishop's residence in Manhattan on May 3, 2000. He was interred in the crypt beneath the main altar ofSt. Patrick's Cathedral. His funeral was presided over by Cardinal Secretary of StateAngelo Sodano.[18] At O'Connor's request, CardinalBernard F. Law delivered thehomily and CardinalWilliam W. Baum the eulogy.[19] Attendees at O'Connor's funeral included:
The New York Times called O'Connor "a familiar and towering presence, a leader whose views and personality were forcefully injected into the great civic debates of his time, a man who considered himself a conciliator, but who never hesitated to be a combatant", and one of the Catholic Church's "most powerful symbols on moral and political issues."[5]
According to New York City MayorEd Koch: "Cardinal O'Connor was a great man, but he was likethe Pentagon. He was incapable of saving money."[22]
O'Connor was a forceful opponent of abortion, human cloning,capital punishment, human trafficking, and unjust war.[25][26]
In 1984,SEIU 1199, the largest health care workers union in New York City, went on strike against the League of Voluntary Hospitals, of which the archdiocesan hospitals were members. O'Connor strongly criticized the League for threatening to fire striking union members. He called it "strikebreaking" and vowed that no Catholic hospital would participate in such an action .[33] After a year of stalled negotiations, O'Connor threatened to make a separate agreement with the SEIU 1199 "that gives justice to the workers".[33] In aLabor Day homily at St. Patrick's in 1986, O'Connor said:
"[S]o many of our freedoms in this country, so much of the building up of society, is precisely attributable to the union movement, a movement that I personally will defend despite the weakness of some of its members, despite the corruption with which we are all familiar that pervades all society, a movement that I personally will defend with my life."[34]
In 1987, thetelevision broadcast employees' union went on strike against theNational Broadcasting Company (NBC). At one point, a non-union crew from NBC appeared at O'Connor's residence to cover apress conference. O'Connor declined to admit them, directing his secretary to "tell them they're not invited."[35]
Following O'Connor's death in 2002 , SEIU 1199 called him "the patron saint of working people". It described his support for low-wage and other workers, his efforts in helping the limousine drivers unionize, his help in mediating a labor strike atThe Daily News, and his pushing for fringe benefits forminimum-wage home health care workers.[36]
In the early 1980s, O'Connor opened a specialized HIV/AIDS medical unit inSt. Clare's Hospital in Manhattan, the first of its kind in the state.ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) protested in front of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1987, holding placards such as "Cardinal O'Connor Loves Gay People ... If They Are Dying of AIDS."[43]
O'Connor made an effort to minister to 1,000 people dying ofHIV/AIDS and their families,[44] following up on other HIV/AIDS patients.[43] He visitedSaint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center, where he cleaned the sores and emptied the bedpans of more than 1,100 patients. According to reports, O'Connor was popular with the Saint Vincent's patients, many of whom did not know he was the archbishop, and was supportive of other priests who ministered to gay men and others with HIV/AIDS.[45][44]
In 1987, US presidentRonald Reagan appointed O'Connor to thePresident's Commission on the HIV Epidemic, also known as the Watkins Commission. O'Connor served with 12 other members, few of whom were HIV/AIDS experts.[46]HIV/AIDS researchers and activists initially criticized the commission members as lacking expertise on the disease and as being in disarray.[47][48] The commission report in 1988 called for anti-bias laws to protectHIV-positive patients, on-demand treatment for those withsubstance abuse problems, and the speeding of HIV/AIDS-related research.[49]TheNew York Times praised the commission's "remarkable strides" and its proposedUS$2 billion campaign against HIV/AIDS among drug users.[50]
O'Connor led the 1990 funeral Mass at St. Joseph's Church in Staten Island forJames Zappalorti, a murdered gay man.[51] O'Connor later endorsed astatewide hate crime law that included crimes motivated bysexual orientation, which passed shortly after his own death in 2000.[52]
O'Connor actively opposed an attempt by the City of New York to outlaw sexual discrimination by its contractors. In 1980, Mayor Ed Koch issued Executive Order 50, which required all city contractors, including religious entities, to provide services on a non-discriminatory basis with respect to race, creed, age, sex, handicap, as well as "sexual orientation or affectational preference".[53]
When the city warnedthe Salvation Army that its contracts for child care services would be canceled if it failed to comply, the archdiocese threatened to cancel its contracts if given the same warning.[54] O'Connor maintained that the executive order would cause the Catholic Church to appear to condone homosexual activity.[55] Writing inCatholic New York in January 1985, O'Connor characterized the order as "an exceedingly dangerous precedent [that would] invite unacceptable governmental intrusion into and excessive entanglement with the Church's conducting of its own internal affairs." Drawing the traditional Catholic distinction between homosexual "inclinations" and "behavior", he stated that "we do not believe that homosexual behavior ... should be elevated to a protected category."[56]
We do not believe that religious agencies should be required to employ those engaging in or advocating homosexual behavior. We are willing to consider on a case-by-case basis the employment of individuals who have engaged in or may at some future time engage in homosexual behavior. We approach those who have engaged in or may engage in what the Church considers illicit heterosexual behavior the same way. ...We believe, however, that only a religious agency itself can properly determine the requirements of any particular job within that agency, and whether or not a particular individual meets or is reasonably likely to meet such requirements.[57]
After a protracted legal battle, theNew York Court of Appeals in 1986 upheld lower court decisions striking down Executive Order 50.[58]
O'Connoropposedcity and state legislation guaranteeing LGBTQ civil rights, including legislation prohibiting discrimination based uponsexual orientation in housing, public accommodations and employment.[59]
O'Connor supported the 1993 decision by theAncient Order of Hibernians, which operated theSt. Patrick's Day parade in Manhattan, to bar the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization from marching under its own banner.[60] The Hibernians argued that theFirst Amendment of the US Constitution protected their decision and that they could not be compelled to admit a group whose beliefs conflicted with theirs.[61] The city subsequently denied the Hibernians a permit for the parade. However, in 1993, afederal judge in New York held that the city's permit denial was "patentlyunconstitutional" because the parade was private, not public, and constituted "a pristine form of speech" as to which the parade sponsor had aright to control the content and tone.[62]
In 1987, O'Connor prohibitedDignityUSA, an organization of LGBTQ Catholics, from holding Masses in parishes in the archdiocese.[63][64] After eight years of protests by the group, O'Connor started meeting with DignityUSA twice a year.[65]
O'Connor opposed condom distribution as an HIV/AIDS-prevention measure. He viewed condom use as contravening the Catholic Church's teaching thatcontraception is immoral and its use a sin. O'Connor rejected the argument thatcondoms distributed to gay men were not contraceptives. O'Connor's response was that using an "evil act" was not justified by good intentions, and that the church should not be seen asencouraging sinful acts among others (other fertile heterosexual couples who might wrongly interpret his narrow support as license for their own contraception).[66][67]O'Connor in 1993 stated thatsexual abstinence is a sure way to prevent HIV/AIDs infection.[66] He claimed condoms were only 50% effective againstHIV transmission.[68] HIV activist groupACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) criticized the cardinal's opinion,[69] leading to confrontations between the group and O'Connor.
In April 1986, O'Connor strongly endorsed the appointment ofTheodore McCarrick, then bishop of theDiocese of Metuchen, as archbishop of theArchdiocese of Newark.[70] However, In 1992 and 1993, O'Connor received several anonymous letters accusing McCarrick of sexually abusing seminarians, which he sent copies of to McCarrick.[71][72] In 1994, before a papal visit by Pope John Paul II to the United States, the apostolic nuncio to the U.S., CardinalAgostino Cacciavillan, became concerned about the pope visiting Newark, as he had heard rumors that McCarrick had engaged in inappropriate sexual behavior in Newark with seminarians. O'Connor conducted an investigation for Cacciavillan and concluded that there were "no impediments" to visiting that city.[73][74]
In October 1996, when two psychiatrists judged that a priest's charge of sexual abuse by McCarrick was credible, O'Connor remained skeptical.[75] That same month, however, he intervened to prevent a priest "too closely identified" with McCarrick from becoming an auxiliary bishop. O'Connor cited "a rather unsettled climate of opinion about certain issues" in Newark.[76]
In October 1999, when John Paul II was considering transferring McCarrick to a more important archdiocese, O'Connor wrote a letter to the apostolic nuncio to the U.S. and theCongregation for Bishops. It summarized the charges against McCarrick, especially his repeatedly arrangement of seminarians and other men to share his bed, and concluded: "I regret that I would have to recommend very strongly against such promotion." According to reports, the pope read the letter.[77][78]
McCarrick learned about O'Connor's letter from contacts in the Curia.[79] In August 2000, several months after O'Connor's death, McCarrick sent a rebuttal to John Paul II, which allegedly convinced the pope to appoint him archbishop of Washington.[80][81] McCarrick resigned from theCollege of Cardinals in 2018, and wasdefrocked in 2019.[82][83]
Jay Blotcher, a spokesman for the Aids Coalition to Unleash Power, or ACT UP, one of the protest's sponsors, said: 'Unfortunately, the dead bodies that the Cardinal is stepping over are the bodies of the people with AIDS who have already died. And what he faces are more bodies of people who could potentially contract the disease because the church refuses to give them access to safe-sex educuation [sic].'
Media related toJohn Joseph O'Connor (cardinal) at Wikimedia Commons| Catholic Church titles | ||
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| Preceded by | — TITULAR — Bishop of Cursola 1979–1983 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Bishop of Scranton 1983–1984 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York 1984–2000 | Succeeded by |
| Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo 1985–2000 | ||
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy 1975–1979 | Succeeded by |
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