Sir John Knox Laughton (23 April 1830 – 14 September 1915) was a Britishnaval historian[1] and arguably the first to delineate the importance of the subject of Naval history as an independent field of study. Beginning his working life as a mathematically trained civilian instructor for theRoyal Navy, he later became professor of modern history atKing's College London and a co-founder of theNavy Records Society. A prolific writer of lives, he penned the biographies of more than 900 naval personalities for theDictionary of National Biography.[2][3]
Laughton was born inLiverpool on 23 April 1830, the second son and youngest child of a formerMaster Mariner, James Laughton of Liverpool (1777–1859).
In 1866, Laughton married his first wife, Isabella, daughter of John Carr of Dunfermline. They had two sons, Leonard and Arthur, and three daughters – Elsbeth, Mary and Dorothy. In 1886, Laughton married his second wife, María Josefa, daughter of Eugenio di Alberti, ofCádiz, Spain; they had three sons and two daughters, DameVera Laughton Mathews andGrace Laugton Bell.[4]
Laughton died at his home atWimbledon on 14 September 1915, aged 85.[5]
Laughton was educated at the Royal Institution School, Liverpool, and then atCaius College, Cambridge, graduating BA (34thwrangler) in 1852.[6] He served with the Royal Navy as a civilian shipboard instructor teaching mathematics, science and navigation, and saw combat in the Baltic and Far East campaigns.[7] In 1866 he finished his sea days by going ashore to teach at theRoyal Naval College inPortsmouth. When the college moved to the newRoyal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1873, Laughton moved with it to become head of the department ofmeteorology andmarine surveying.
In the 1870s Laughton turned more and more to teaching and lecturing on history, delivering a now famous lecture to theRoyal United Services Institute (RUSI) in 1874 on the importance of actually analysing historical events, rather than merely reporting events chronologically. This was a new idea at the time and would not have been seen then as stating the obvious, as perhaps it would today.[8] With this new approach, Laughton ‘acted as a catalyst for [the] entire intellectual development' of naval history as an independent discipline.[9]
During his time as a lecturer in naval history, Laughton was undoubtedly an influence on the more famous naval historian-strategists of his age –Alfred Thayer Mahan,Julian Corbett andHerbert Richmond. Mahan, who has been described as "one of Laughton's disciples", wrote of him that "He probably knows more naval history than any English speaking man living".[10] In 1885 he left the Royal Navy to accept the position of professor of modern history atKing's College, London. He succeeded in convincing theAdmiralty to allow limited public access to their archives. Together withAdmiral Cyprian Bridge, Laughton co-founded theNavy Records Society in 1893. He was the Society's first Secretary, and was knighted for his work in 1907.[10][11]
Laughton died at the age of 85 on 14 September 1915 and was buried at sea in theThames Estuary from the decks ofHMS Conqueror.
Laughton's contributions to naval history were largely forgotten until the pioneering work by Canadian naval historianDonald Mackenzie SchurmanThe Education of a Navy: The Development of British Naval Strategic Thought, 1867–1914 (1965) resurrected his memory. ProfessorAndrew Lambert has since added to this with a work,The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession.
Unlike Mahan and Corbett, Laughton never wrote a major work, and the body of work that he did leave behind went out of print and until online editions became available was very difficult to come by. The measure of his significance comes by looking at the people he influenced and the institutions which he left behind after his death. Through 'long-term influence and personal contact' with other thinkers in the field and British admirals, he managed to sow the seeds in influential people’s minds that naval history was a subject worth studying, something which had relevance and bearing on modern naval affairs.[12] TheNavy Records Society remains a key part of the discipline of naval history.
In recognition of his importance, King's College Department of War Studies has named its naval history chair as the "Laughton Professor", and naval historians in the department belong to theLaughton Unit.[13]
Works by or aboutJohn Knox Laughton atWikisource
Media related toJohn Knox Laughton at Wikimedia Commons