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John Howard Northrop

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American biochemist (1891–1987)
This article is about the Nobel Laureate chemist. For other uses, seeJohn Northrop.

John Howard Northrop
Born(1891-07-05)July 5, 1891
DiedMay 27, 1987(1987-05-27) (aged 95)
Alma materColumbia University
Known forStudies of enzymes
AwardsNobel Prize in Chemistry (1946)
Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1939)
Scientific career
FieldsBiochemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
Columbia University
Rockefeller University

John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an Americanbiochemist who, withJames Batcheller Sumner andWendell Meredith Stanley, won the 1946Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The award was given for these scientists' isolation,crystallization, and study ofenzymes, proteins, and viruses.[1] Northrop was a Professor of Bacteriology and Medical Physics, Emeritus, atUniversity of California, Berkeley.[2]

Biography

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Early years

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Northrop was born inYonkers, New York toJohn Isaiah, azoologist and instructor at Columbia University who is a member of theHavemeyer family, andAlice Rich Northrop, a teacher of botany at Hunter College. His father died in a lab explosion two weeks before John H. Northrop was born. The son was educated atYonkers High School andColumbia University, where he earned his BA in 1912 and PhD in chemistry in 1915.[3][4] DuringWorld War I, he conducted research for theU.S. Chemical Warfare Service on the production ofacetone andethanol throughfermentation. This work led to studying enzymes.

Research

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In 1929, Northrop isolated and crystallized the gastric enzymepepsin[5] and determined that it was aprotein. For this achievement, he was elected to the United StatesNational Academy of Sciences in 1934.[6] In 1938 he isolated and crystallized the firstbacteriophage (a small virus that attacksbacteria), and determined that it was anucleoprotein. He was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society that same year.[7] Northrop also isolated and crystallized pepsinogen (the precursor to pepsin),trypsin,chymotrypsin, andcarboxypeptidase.

For his 1939 book,Crystalline Enzymes: The Chemistry of Pepsin, Trypsin, and Bacteriophage, Northrop was awarded theDaniel Giraud Elliot Medal from theNational Academy of Sciences.[8] He was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949.[9] Northrop was employed by theRockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City from 1916 until his retirement in 1961. In 1949 he joined theUniversity of California, Berkeley as Professor of Bacteriology, and later, he was appointed Professor of Biophysics.[10]

Personal life

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In 1917, Northrop married Louise Walker (1891–1975), with whom he had two children: John, an oceanographer, and Alice, who married Nobel laureateFrederick C. Robbins. The family lived in a small home just outside of Mt. Vernon, New York. As their children grew older and Northrop looked for a more desirable workplace, the family bought a home in Cotuit, Massachusetts. This move shortened Northrop's commute to the laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, and also put him in closer contact with the wilderness which he greatly enjoyed.[11] Northrop committed suicide inWickenburg, Arizona in 1987.[12]

References

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  1. ^"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946 – Preparing Pure Proteins". RetrievedDecember 14, 2008.
  2. ^"University of California: In Memoriam, 1988".
  3. ^"Alexander Hamilton Medal".Columbia College Alumni Association. December 14, 2016. RetrievedJune 24, 2022.
  4. ^Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development; Columbia College (Columbia University) (1960–1961).Columbia College today. Columbia University Libraries. New York, N.Y. : Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development.
  5. ^Northrop, J. H. (1929), "Crystalline Pepsin",Science,69 (1796): 580,Bibcode:1929Sci....69..580N,doi:10.1126/science.69.1796.580,PMID 17758437
  6. ^"John H. Northrop".www.nasonline.org. RetrievedMay 19, 2023.
  7. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org. RetrievedMay 19, 2023.
  8. ^"Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Archived fromthe original on December 29, 2010. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2011.
  9. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter N"(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. RetrievedApril 15, 2011.
  10. ^"John H. Northrop – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. RetrievedApril 29, 2017.
  11. ^Biographical Memoirs. 1994.doi:10.17226/4560.ISBN 978-0-309-04976-4.
  12. ^See p. 440 ofHerriott, R. M. (1994),"John Howard Northrop: July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987",Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), vol. 63, pp. 423–450,PMID 11615389

Further reading

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  • Northrop, J. H. (1939),Crystalline Enzymes, Columbia University Press
  • Shampo, M A; Kyle, R. A. (2000), "John Northrop – definitive study of enzymes",Mayo Clin. Proc., vol. 75, no. 3 (published March 2000), p. 254,doi:10.4065/75.3.254,PMID 10725951
  • van Helvoort, T. (1992), "The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication?",Annals of Science, vol. 49, no. 6 (published November 1992), pp. 545–575,doi:10.1080/00033799200200451,PMID 11616207

External links

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