John Fell (23 June 1625 – 10 July 1686) was an English churchman and influential academic. He served asDean of Christ Church, Oxford,[1][2] and later concomitantly asBishop of Oxford.
Fell was born atLongworth,Berkshire (nowOxfordshire), the eldest son ofSamuel Fell and his wife, Margaret (née Wylde). Samuel Fell was also Dean of Christ Church, from 1638 until 1648. John Fell received his early education atLord Williams's School atThame in Oxfordshire. In 1637 at age 11 he became a student at Christ Church, and in 1640 because of his "known desert", he was specially allowed by theArchbishop of Canterbury,William Laud, to proceed to his degree ofBA when lacking one term's residence. He obtained hisMA in 1643 and tookHoly Orders (deacon 1647,priest 1649).[3]
During theCivil War he bore arms for KingCharles I of England and held a commission asensign. In 1648 he was deprived of his studentship by theparliamentary visitors, and during the next few years he resided chiefly at Oxford with his brother-in-law,Thomas Willis, at whose house oppositeMerton College he and his friendsRichard Allestree andJohn Dolben maintained an Anglican presence in Oxford throughout theCommonwealth.[3][4]
After theRestoration, Fell was madeprebendary ofChichester,canon of Christ Church (27 July 1660), dean (30 November), master ofSt Oswald's hospital,Worcester,chaplain to the king, andD.D. He filled the office ofVice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1666 to 1669,[5] and was consecratedBishop of Oxford, in 1676, retaining his deaneryin commendam. Some years later, he declined thePrimacy of Ireland.[3]
Fell showed himself a capable administrator. He restored good order in the university by the archbishop, which duringthe Commonwealth had given place to a general disregard of authority. He ejected the intruders from his college or else "fixed them in loyal principles." "He was the most zealous man of his time for theChurch of England," saysAnthony Wood, "and none that I yet know of did go beyond him in the performance of the rules belonging thereunto." He attended chapel four times a day, restored to the services, not without some opposition, the organ andsurplice, and insisted on the properacademic dress which had fallen into disuse. He was active in recovering church property, and by his directions a children'scatechism was drawn up byThomas Marshall for use in hisdiocese. "As he was among the first of our clergy," saysThomas Burnet, "that apprehended the design of bringing in popery, so he was one of the most zealous against it."[3]
He made many converts from theRoman Catholics andNonconformists. On the other hand, he successfully opposed the incorporation ofTitus Oates asD.D. in the university in October 1679; and according to the testimony of William Nichols, his secretary, he disapproved of theExclusion Bill. He excluded theundergraduates, whose presence had been irregularly permitted, fromconvocation. He obliged students to attend lectures, instituted reforms in the performances of the public exercises in the schools, kept the examiners up to their duties, was present in person at examinations. He encouraged the students to act plays. He entirely suppressed "coursing," i.e. disputations in which the rival parties "ran down opponents in arguments," and which commonly ended in blows and disturbances.[3]
He was a disciplinarian, and possessed a talent for the education of young men, many of whom he received into his own family.Tom Brown, author ofThe Dialogues of the Dead, about to be expelled from Oxford for some offence, was pardoned by Fell on the condition of his translatingex tempore the 32ndepigram ofMartial, book 1:[3]
Non amo te, Sabidi, nec possum dicere quare:
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.
To which he immediately replied with the well-known lines:
I do not like thee, Doctor Fell,
The reason why I cannot tell;
But this I know, and know full well,
I do not like thee, Dr Fell.
Delinquents were not always treated thus mildly by Fell, andActon Cremer, for the crime of courting a wife while only a bachelor of arts, was punished by having to translate into English the whole ofScheffer'shistory of Lapland. As Vice-Chancellor, Fell personally visited the drinkingtaverns and ordered out the students. In the university elections he showed great energy in suppressing corruption.[3]
Fell's building operations were ambitious. In his own college he completed in 1665 the north side ofCardinal Thomas Wolsey's greatquadrangle, already begun by his father but abandoned during the Commonwealth; in 1672, he rebuilt the east side of the Chaplain's quadrangle "with a straight passage under it leading from the cloister into the field," occupied now by the new Meadow Buildings; the lodgings of the canon of the third stall in the passage uniting theTom Quad andPeckwater Quadrangle (c.1674); a long building joining the Chaplain's quadrangle on the east side in 1677–1678; and lastly the greatTom Tower gate, begun in June 1681 on the foundation laid by Wolsey and finished in November 1682, to which the bell "great Tom," after being recast, was transferred from the cathedral in 1683. In 1670 he planted and laid out the Broad Walk.[3]
He spent large sums of his own on these works, gave £500 for the restoration ofBanbury church, erected a church atSt Oswald's, Worcester, and theparsonage house atWoodstock at his own expense, and rebuiltCuddesdon Palace. Fell disapproved of the use of theUniversity Church of St Mary the Virgin for secular purposes, and promoted the building of theSheldonian Theatre byArchbishop Gilbert Sheldon. He was treasurer during its construction, presided at the formal opening on 9 July 1669, and was nominated curator, along withChristopher Wren, in July 1670.[3]
In the theatre was placed theOxford University Press, the establishment of which had been a favourite project of Laud and now engaged a large share of Fell's energy and attention, and which as curator he practically controlled. "Were it not you ken Mr Dean extraordinarily well," wroteSir Leoline Jenkins to John Williamson in 1672, "it were impossible to imagine how assiduous and drudging he is about his press." He sent for type and printers fromHolland, declaring that "the foundation of all success must be laid in doing things well, which l am sure will not be done with English letters."[3]
Many works, including a Bible, editions of the classics and of the early fathers, were produced under Fell's direction and editing. He published annually one work, generally a classical author annotated by himself, which he distributed to all the students of his college on New Year's Day. On one occasion he surprised the Press while they were surreptitiously printingPietro Aretino'sPostures, and he seized and destroyed the plates and impressions. Ever "an eager defender and maintainer of the university and its privileges", he was hostile to theRoyal Society, which he regarded as a possible rival, and in 1686 he gave an absolute refusal toObadiah Walker, afterwards the Roman Catholic master ofUniversity College, though licensed byJames II, to print books, declaring he would as soon "part with his bed from under him" as his press. He conducted it on strict business principles, and to the criticism that more great works were not produced replied that they would not sell. He was, however, not free from fads, and his new spelling (of which one feature was the substitution of i for y in such words aseies,daies,maiest) met with great disapproval.[3]
Fell also wrote lives of his friendsHenry Hammond (1661), Richard Allestree, prefixed to his edition of the latter's sermons (1684), andThomas Willis, in Latin. His seasonable advice to Protestants showing the necessity of maintaining the Established Religion in opposition toPopery was published in 1688. Some of his sermons, which John Evelyn found dull, were printed, includingCharacter of the Last Daies, preached before the king, 1675, and a sermon preached before theHouse of Peers on 22 December 1680.The Interest of England stated (1659), advocating the restoration of the king, andThe Vanity of Scoffing (1674), are also attributed to him. Fell probably had some share in the composition ofThe Whole Duty of Man, and in the subsequent works published under the name of the author ofThe Whole Duty, which includedReasons of the Decay of Christian Piety,The Ladies' Calling,The Gentleman's Calling,The Government of the Tongue,The Art of Contentment, andThe Lively Oracles given us, all of which were published in one volume with notes and a preface by Fell in 1684.[6]
He had a high reputation as a Grecian, a Latinist and aphilologist, and he brought out with the collaboration of others his edition ofSt Cyprian in 1682, an English translation ofThe Unity of the Church in 1681, editions ofNemesius of Emesa (1671), ofAratus and ofEratosthenes (1672),Theocritus (1676),Alcinous on Plato (1677),St Clement'sEpistles to the Corinthians (1677),Athenagoras (1682),Clemens Alexandrinus (1683),Theophilus of Antioch (1684),Grammatica rationis sive institutiones logicae (1673 and 1685), and a critical edition of theNew Testament in 1675. The first volumes ofRerum Anglicarum scriptores and ofHistoriae Britannicae, etc. were compiled under his patronage in 1684. Manuscripts ofSaint Augustine were placed in theBodleian at his behest; while other libraries at Oxford generously collated a catalogue for the use of the Benedictines at Paris, who were then preparing a new edition of the father.[7]
Occasionally imprudent in his schemes, he was the originator of a mission toIndia which was taken up by theBritish East India Company. He undertook to train as missionaries four scholars at Oxford, procured a set ofArabic types, and issued from these the Gospels and Acts in theMalay language in 1677. This was unsuccessful, and the mission collapsed.[6]
Having undertaken at his own charge to publish aLatin version of Wood'sHistory and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, with the object of presenting the history of the university in a manner worthy of the great subject toEuropean readers, and of extending its fame abroad, he arrogated to himself the right of editing the work. "He would correct, alter, dash out what he pleased... He was a great man and carried all things at his pleasure." In particular he struck out all the passages which Wood had inserted in praise ofThomas Hobbes, and substituted some disparaging epithets. He calledLeviathan "monstrosissimus" and "publico damno notissimus." To the printed remonstrance of Hobbes, Fell inserted an insulting reply in the History to "irritabile illud et vanissimum Malmesburiense animal," and to the complaint of Wood at this usage answered only that Hobbes "was an old man, had one foot in the grave; that he should mind his latter end, and not trouble the world any more with his papers." In small things as in great he loved to rule and direct. "Let not Fell," writes R. South toRalph Bathurst, "have the fingering and altering of them, for I think that, barring the want of siquidems and quinetiams, they are as good as his Worship can make." Wood styled him "a valde vult person."[6]
Not content with ruling his own college, he desired to govern the whole university. He preventedGilbert Ironside, who "was not pliable to his humour," from holding the office of Vice-Chancellor. He "endeavoured to carry all things by a high hand; scorn'd in the least to court the Masters when he had to have anything pass'd the convocation. Severe to other colleges, blind as to his own, very partiall and with good words, and flatterers and tell-tales could get anything out of him." According to BishopGilbert Burnet, who praises his character and administration, Fell was "a little too much heated in the matter of our disputes with the dissenters...He had much zeal for reforming abuses, and managed it perhaps with too much heat and in too peremptory a way...But we have so little of that among us that no wonder if such men are censured by those who love not such patterns nor such severe task-masters." And Anthony Wood, after declaring that Fell "was exceeding partial in his government even to corruption; went thro' thick and thin; grasped at all yet did nothing perfect or effectually; cared not what people said of him, was in many things very rude and in most pedantic and pedagogical," concluded that he "yet still aimed at the public good."Roger North, who paid Fell a visit at Oxford, wrote of him in terms of enthusiasm: "The great Dr Fell, who was truly great in all his circumstances, capacities, undertakings and learning, and above all for his superabundant public spirit and goodwill ... O the felicity of that age and place when his authority swayed!"[6]
In November 1684, at the command of KingCharles II, Fell deprivedJohn Locke, who had incurred the royal displeasure by his friendship withAnthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, and was suspected as the author of certain seditious pamphlets, of his studentship at Christ Church, summarily and without hearing his defence. Fell had in former years cultivated Locke's friendship, had kept up a correspondence with him, and in 1663 had written a testimonial in his favour; and the ready compliance of one who could on occasion offer a stout resistance to any invasion of the privileges of the university has been severely criticised. It must, however, be remembered in extenuation that the legal status of a person on the foundation of a collegiate body had not then been decided in the law-courts. He afterwards expressed his regret.[6]
Fell, who had never married, died "worn out", according to Wood, at the age of 61. He was buried in the divinity chapel in the cathedral, below the seat which he had so often occupied when living, where a monument and an epitaph, now moved elsewhere, were placed to his memory. "His death," writesJohn Evelyn, "was an extraordinary losse to the poore church at this time". With all his faults Fell was a great man, "the greatest governor," estimatedSpeaker Onslow, "that has ever been since his time in either of the universities," and of his own college, to which he left several exhibitions for the maintenance of poor scholars, he was a second founder.[6]
A sum of money was left by John Cross to perpetuate Fell's memory by an annual speech in his praise, but theFelii laudes were discontinued in 1866. There are two interesting pictures of Fell at Christ Church, one where he is represented with his two friendsAllestree andDolben, and another byAnthony van Dyck. The statue placed on the northeast angle of the Great Quadrangle bears no likeness to the bishop, who is described by Hearne as a "thin grave man."[6]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). "Fell, John". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–242.
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Dean of Christ Church, Oxford 1660–1686 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University 1666–1669 | Succeeded by |
| Church of England titles | ||
| Preceded by | Bishop of Oxford 1676–1686 | Succeeded by |