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John Edward Gray

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British zoologist (1800–1875)

John Edward Gray
Gray in 1851
Born12 February 1800
Died7 March 1875(1875-03-07) (aged 75)
London, England
Resting placeSt Mary's Church,Lewisham
Known forClassification of many cetacean species, genera, subfamilies, and families
Spouse
ParentSamuel Frederick Gray
RelativesGeorge Robert Gray (brother)
Scientific career
FieldsZoology
InstitutionsBritish Museum,Natural History Museum
Author abbrev. (botany)J.E.Gray
Author abbrev. (zoology)Gray orJ. E. Gray
Signature

John Edward GrayFRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a Britishzoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologistGeorge Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanistSamuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828).The standardauthor abbreviationJ.E.Gray is used to indicate this person as the author whenciting abotanical name.[1] The same is used for azoological name.

Gray waskeeper of zoology at theBritish Museum inLondon from 1840 untilChristmas 1874, before thenatural history holdings were split off to theNatural History Museum. He published several catalogues of the museum collections that included comprehensive discussions of animal groups and descriptions of newspecies. He improved thezoological collections to make them amongst the best in the world.

Biography

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Gray was born inWalsall, but his family soon moved to London, where Gray studied medicine. He assisted his father in writingThe Natural Arrangement of British Plants (1821). After beingblackballed by theLinnean Society of London, Gray shifted his interest frombotany tozoology.[2] He began his zoological career by volunteering to collect insects for theBritish Museum at age 15. He officially joined the Zoological Department in 1824 to helpJohn George Children catalog thereptile collection. In some of his early articles, Gray adoptedWilliam Sharp Macleay'squinarian system for classifications ofmolluscs (1824),butterflies (1824),echinoderms (1825), reptiles (1825), andmammals (1825). In 1840, he took over Children's position as keeper of zoology, which he held for 35 years, publishing well over 1,000 papers. He named manycetaceanspecies,genera,subfamilies, andfamilies.[3]

During this period, he collaborated withBenjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, the noted natural history artist, in producingGleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley. The menagerie atKnowsley Hall, nearLiverpool, founded byEdward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, at the Stanley ancestral seat, was one of the largest private menageries in Victorian England.

Gray marriedMaria Emma Smith in 1826. She helped him with his scientific work, especially with her drawings.

In 1833, Gray was a founder of what became theRoyal Entomological Society.

Gray with his wife Maria Emma, 1863

Gray was a friend ofcoleopteristHamlet Clark, and in 1856–57 they sailed on Gray's yachtMiranda to Spain, Algeria, and Brazil. Gray was an accomplished watercolourist, and his landscape paintings illustrate Clark's account of their journeys.[4]

Gray was also interested inpostage stamps. On 1 May 1840, the day thePenny Black first went on sale, he purchased several with the intent to save them.[5]

During his 50 years employed at the British Museum, Gray wrote nearly 500 papers, including many descriptions of species new to science. These had been presented to the museum by collectors from around the world, and included all branches of zoology, although Gray usually left the descriptions of new birds to his younger brother and colleague George. Gray was also active inmalacology, the study of molluscs. He was an associate of entomologistEliza Fanny Staveley, supporting her research and reading papers she had prepared to the Linnean and Zoological Societies of London.[6]

John Edward Gray was buried at St Mary's Church,Lewisham.

Taxa named by him and in his honour

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See also:Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Gray was one of the most prolific taxonomists in the history of zoology. He described more than 300 species and subspecies of reptiles, only surpassed by his successors at the British Museum,George A. Boulenger andAlbert Günther and American zoologistEdward D. Cope.[7]

Gray described and named numerous[8] marinesnails including:

Genera named in his honour include:

Species and subspecies named in his honour include:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^International Plant Names Index.J.E.Gray.
  2. ^Boulger, George Simonds (1890)."Gray, John Edward" . InStephen, Leslie;Lee, Sidney (eds.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  3. ^Kenney, Robert D. (2009). Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M (eds.).Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). Burlington, Mass.: Academic Press. p. 963.ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5.
  4. ^Clark, Hamlet (1863).Letters Home from Spain, Algeria, and Brazil During past Entomological Rambles(PDF). London:John Van Voorst. Retrieved16 July 2018.
  5. ^"The History of Stamp Collecting Part 11 – Dr. John Edward Gray".Freestampmagazine – Stamp Collecting Blog. 15 March 2016. Retrieved15 February 2020.
  6. ^Creese, Mary R. S., 1935– (1998).Ladies in the laboratory? : American and British women in science, 1800–1900 : a survey of their contributions to research. Creese, Thomas M. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.ISBN 0-585-27684-6.OCLC 36386419.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^Uetz, Peter (2010)."The original descriptions of reptiles"(PDF).Zootaxa.2334:59–68.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2334.1.3.
  8. ^"Malacolog 4.1.1: Western Atlantic Mollusk Species Database at the Academy of Natural Sciences".
  9. ^abcdefgBeolens, Bo;Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 106.ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
  10. ^abBeolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009).Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 165.ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  11. ^Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018)."Order SYNGNATHIFORMES: Families AULOSTOMIDAE, CENTRISCIDAE, FISTULARIIDAE, SOLENOSTOMIDAE and SYNGNATHIDAE".The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved9 December 2021.

References

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Gray's publications (representative list)

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  • 1821 : "A natural arrangement of Mollusca, according to their internal structure."London Medical Repository 15 : 229–239.
  • 1821 : "On the natural arrangement of Vertebrose Animals."London Medical Repository 15 : 296–310.
  • 1824 : "A revision of the family Equidae."Zool. J. Lond. 1 : 241–248 pl. 9.
  • 1824 : "On the natural arrangement of the pulmonobranchous Mollusca."Annals of Philosophy, (n.s.) 8 : 107–109.
  • 1824 : "On the arrangement of the Papilionidae."Annals of Philosophy (n.s.) 8: 119–120.
  • 1825 : "A list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by Lamarck."Annals of Philosophy (n.s.) 9: 407–415.
  • 1825 : "A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species."Annals of Philosophy (n.s.) 10 : 193–217.
  • 1825 : "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of the Mammalia into tribes and families with a list of the genera apparently appertaining to each tribe."Annals of Philosophy (n.s.) 10 : 337–344.
  • 1825 : "An attempt to divide the Echinida, or sea eggs, into natural families."Annals of Philosophy (n.s.) 10 : 423–431.
  • 1826 : "Vertebrata. Mammalia." (Appendix B in part). pp. 412–415 in King, P. P. (ed.)Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. Performed between the years 1818 and 1822. With an Appendix, containing various subjects relating to hydrography and natural history. London: J. Murray Vol. 2.
  • 1827 : "Synopsis of the species of the class Mammalia." pp. 1–391 in Baron Cuvier The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, by the Baron (G) Cuvier, with additional descriptions byEdward Griffith and others. (16 vols: 1827–1835). London: George B. Whittaker Vol. 5.
  • 1828 : "Spicilegia Zoologica, or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals." Pt 1. London: Treuttel, Würtz & Co.
  • 1829 : "An attempt to improve the natural arrangement of the genera of bat, from actual examination; with some observations on the development of their wings."Phil. Mag. (ns) 6 : 28–36.
  • 1830 : "A synopsis of the species of the class Reptilia." pp 1–110 in Griffith, E. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier. London: Whitaker and Treacher and Co. 9 : 481 + 110 p.
  • 1830–1835 : "Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke, F.R.S..." 20 parts in 2 volumes. Illus.Indian Zool.
  • 1831 : "Description of twelve new genera of fish, discovered by Gen. Hardwicke, in India, the greater part in the British Museum."Zool. Misc.
  • 1831 : "Descriptions of some new genera and species of bats." pp. 37–38 in Gray, J. E. (ed.) The Zoological Miscellany. To Be Continued Occasionally. Pt 1. London: Treuttel, Würtz & Co.
  • 1832 : "Characters of a new genus of Mammalia, and of a new genus and two new species of lizards, from New Holland."Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832 : 39–40.
  • 1832 :Illustrations of Indian zoology; chiefly selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke, vol. 1. Treuttel, Wurtz, Treuttel Jun. & Richter, London.
  • 1834 : "Characters of a new species of bat (Rhinolophus, Geoffr.) from New Holland."Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1834 : 52–53.
  • 1837 : "Description of some new or little known Mammalia, principally in the British Museum Collection."Mag. Nat. Hist. (ns) 1 : 577–587.
  • 1838 : "A revision of the genera of bats (Vespertilionidae), and the description of some new genera and species."Mag. Zool. Bot. 2 : 483–505.
  • 1839 : "Descriptions of some Mammalia discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. With some account of their habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay's notes."Ann. Nat. Hist. 4 : 1–7 pl. 1.
  • 1840 : "A Synopsis of the Genera and Species of the Class Hypostoma (Asterias, Linnaeus)."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6: 275.
  • 1840-10-16 : "Shells of molluscous animals." In:Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, ed. 42: 105–152.
  • 1840-11-04 : "Shells of molluscous animals." In:Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, ed. 42, 2nd printing: 106–156.
  • 1844:Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbænians, in the Collection of the British Museum.
  • 1845:Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp.
  • 1847–11 : "A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types."Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15: 129–182.
  • 1849 :Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum. London. xv + 125 pp.
  • 1850 :Figures of molluscous animals selected from various authors. Etched for the use of students by M. E. Gray. Volume 4. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, London. iv + 219 pp.
  • 1850 :Catalogue of the Cetaceans in the Collection of the British Museum (referenced in many works as Cat. B. M. Cetacea)
  • 1855 :Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum – Part 1, Testudinata (Tortoises).
  • 1860-10 : "On the arrangement of the land pulmoniferous Mollusca into families."Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 6: 267–269.
  • 1862 :A Hand Catalogue of Postage Stamps for the Use of Collectors. R. Hardwicke. 1862.
  • 1864 : "On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864 pages 195–248
  • 1864 : "Revision of the species of Trionychidae found in Asia and Africa, with descriptions of some new species."Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 76–98.
  • 1864 :"Presidential Address", to theBotany and Zoology, including Physiology Section, pp.75–86 inReport of the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Bath in September 1864, London, John Murray, 1865.
  • 1866 :The Genera of Plants. Unpublished fragment withR. A. Salisbury
  • 1870 :Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum – Part 1, Testudinata (Tortoises).
  • 1872 :Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum – Part 2, Emydosaureans, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbaenians.
  • 1873 : "Notes on Chinese Mud-Tortoises (Trionychidae), with the Description of a new Species sent to the British Museum by Mr Swinhoe, and Observations on the Male Organ of this Family."Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 4, vol. XII, 1873. pp. 156–161 and Plate V.

Other sources

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External links

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Media related toJohn Edward Gray at Wikimedia Commons

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