John Carradine | |
|---|---|
_-_1967.jpg) Carradine in a 1967 publicity photo | |
| Born | Richmond Reed Carradine (1906-02-05)February 5, 1906 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | November 27, 1988(1988-11-27) (aged 82) Milan, Italy |
| Other names | Peter Richmond |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1930–1988 |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 5, includingDavid,Keith, andRobert |
John Carradine (/ˈkærədiːn/KARR-ə-deen; bornRichmond Reed Carradine; February 5, 1906 – November 27, 1988) was an American actor, considered one of the greatestcharacter actors in American cinema.[1][2] He was a member ofCecil B. DeMille's stock company and laterJohn Ford's company, known for his roles in horror films,Westerns, andShakespearean theater, most notably portrayingCount Dracula inHouse of Frankenstein (1944),House of Dracula (1945),Billy the Kid Versus Dracula (1966), andNocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula (1979). Among his other notable roles was "Preacher Casy" in John Ford'sThe Grapes of Wrath. In later decades of his career, he starred mostly in low-budgetB-movies. In total, he holds 351 film and television credits, making him one of the most prolific English-speaking film and television actors of all time.
Carradine was married four times, had five children, and was the patriarch of theCarradine family, including four sons and four grandchildren who are or were also actors.
Carradine was born inNew York City the son of William Reed Carradine, a correspondent for theAssociated Press, and his wife, Genevieve Winnifred Richmond, a surgeon.[3][4] William Carradine was the son ofevangelical authorBeverly Carradine. The family lived inPeekskill, New York andKingston, New York.[5] William Carradine died fromtuberculosis when his son John was two years old. Carradine's mother then married "a Philadelphia paper manufacturer named Peck, who thought the way to bring up someone else's boy was to beat him every day just on general principle."[6] Carradine attended the Christ Church School in Kingston[5] and theEpiscopal Academy in Merion Station, Pennsylvania, where he developed his diction and his memory skills from portions of theEpiscopal Book of Common Prayer meted out as a punishment.[6]
Carradine's sonDavid claimed his father ran away when he was 14 years old. He later returned and studied sculpture at Philadelphia's Graphic Arts Institute.[5] Carradine lived with his maternal uncle, Peter Richmond, in New York City for a while, working in the film archives of the public library. David said that while still a teenager, his father went to Richmond, Virginia, to serve as an apprentice toDaniel Chester French, the sculptor who created the statue ofAbraham Lincoln for theLincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.[a] He traveled for a time, supporting himself painting portraits. "If the sitter was satisfied, the price was $2.50," he once said. "It cost him nothing if he thought it was a turkey. I made as high as $10 to $15 a day."[3] During this time, he was arrested for vagrancy. While in jail, Carradine was beaten, suffering a broken nose that did not set correctly. This contributed to "the look that would become world famous."[6]
David Carradine said, "My dad told me that he saw a production ofShakespeare'sThe Merchant of Venice when he was 11 years old and decided right then what he wanted to do with his life".[6] He made his stage debut in 1925 in New Orleans in a production ofCamille and worked for a time in a New Orleans Shakespeare company.[5] Carradine joined a tent repertory theater under the management of R. D. MacLean, who became his mentor. In 1927, he took a job escorting a shipment of bananas from Dallas, Texas to Los Angeles,[5] where he eventually picked up some theater work under the name of Peter Richmond, in homage to his uncle. He became friends withJohn Barrymore, and began working forCecil B. DeMille as a set designer. Carradine, however, did not have the job long. "DeMille noticed the lack of Roman columns in my sketches," Carradine said. "I lasted two weeks."[5] Once DeMille heard his baritone voice, however, he hired him to do voice-overs. Carradine said, "the great Cecil B. DeMille saw an apparition – me – pass him by, reciting the gravedigger's lines from 'Hamlet', and he instructed me to report to him the following day."[3] He became a member of DeMille's stock company and his voice was heard in several DeMille pictures, includingThe Sign of the Cross.
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Carradine's first film credit wasTol'able David (1930), but he claimed to have done 70 pictures before getting billing. Carradine claimed to have tested, as an unknown – along with well-known leading menConrad Veidt,William Courtenay,Paul Muni, andIan Keith – for the title role inDracula, but the historical record does not support the claim. The part eventually went toBela Lugosi. Carradine later played the Count in the 1940sUniversal Studios Dracula sequelsHouse of Frankenstein andHouse of Dracula. Carradine also claimed to have tested for the monster role inFrankenstein (1931),[5] though again, no account exists other than his own that he actually did so. By 1933, he was being credited as John Peter Richmond, perhaps in honor of his friend, John Barrymore.[6] He adopted the stage name "John Carradine" in 1935, and legally took the name as his own two years later. In 1935'sBride of Frankenstein, Carradine had a brief uncredited walk-on role as a hunter in the forest.
On April 11, 1934,Wilfred Talbot Smith and Regina Kahl ofOrdo Templi Orientis held a "Crowley Night on Winona Blvd" atAgape Lodge. Martin Starr recounts that "It included a program of recitation of (Aleister) Crowley's poetry, rituals and sacred texts...One surprising name was among the participants: the stage and motion picture actor John Carradine...who read the Crowley poem, "O Madonna of the Golden Eyes."[8]
By 1936, Carradine had become a member ofJohn Ford's stock company and appeared inThe Prisoner of Shark Island. In total, he made 11 pictures with Ford, including his first important role, as Preacher Casy inThe Grapes of Wrath (1940).[3] Other Ford films in which Carradine appeared includeThe Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) andStagecoach (1939).
He also portrayed the Biblical heroAaron in DeMille'sThe Ten Commandments (1956), he dominatedHitler's Madman (1943) asReinhard Heydrich, and he portrayedBob Ford inHenry King's20th Century Fox productionJesse James (1939), among many many others during this time frame.[9]
Carradine did considerable stage work, much of which provided his only opportunity to work in a classic drama context. He toured with his own Shakespearean company in the 1940s, playingHamlet andMacbeth. His Broadway roles included Ferdinand in a 1946 production ofJohn Webster'sThe Duchess of Malfi, the Ragpicker in a 13-month run ofJean Giraudoux'sThe Madwoman of Chaillot, Lycus in a 15-month run ofA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and DeLacey in the expensive one-night flopFrankenstein in 1981. He also toured in road companies of such shows asTobacco Road andCat on a Hot Tin Roof, in which he was properly emaciated as the cancer-ridden Big Daddy, a part, he said, whichTennessee Williams wrote for him.[5]
Carradine claimed to have appeared in more than 450 movies, but only 225 movies can be documented. His count is closer to fact if theatrical movies, made-for-TV movies, and television programs are included.[5][10][11] He often played eccentric, insane, or diabolical characters, especially in the horror genre with which he had become identified as a "star" by the mid-1940s. He occasionally played a heroic role, as inThe Grapes of Wrath, in which he played Casy, the ill-fated "preacher", and he occasionally played a sympathetic role, as inSon of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake, in which he played Blake's shipmate, who escapes with him to a tropical island full of riches.
He appeared in dozens of low-budget horror films from the 1940s onwards, to finance a touring classical theater company. He also played a small but important role in the very-high-budget comedyThe Court Jester, which was at the time of its release the most expensive comedy film ever made.[12][13] He played a mad scientist in Woody Allen'sEverything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask). He sang the theme song to one film in which he appeared briefly,Red Zone Cuba. Carradine also made more than 100 acting appearances on television over a period of 39 years. His first performance on the "small screen" was on theDuMont Television Network in 1947, when he played Ebenezer Scrooge in a broadcast presentation ofA Christmas Carol. His final role on television was in 1986 as Professor Alex Stottel on a revival of the classic seriesThe Twilight Zone, in an episode segment titled "Still Life."[14] Some examples of other television series on which he appeared includeMy Friend Flicka,Johnny Ringo (as The Rain Man), andPlace the Face,NBC'sCimarron City as the foreboding Jared Tucker in the episode "Child of Fear" and onWilliam Bendix'sOverland Trail in the 1960 episode "The Reckoning," onHarrigan and Son starringPat O'Brien in the episode "A Matter of Dignity,"Maverick in "Red Dog" starringRoger Moore andLee Van Cleef,Sugarfoot,The Rebel, andThe Legend of Jesse James, on thesyndicated adventure seriesRescue 8 withactor Jim Davis and in two episodes of the western TV seriesBonanza ("Springtime" and "Dead Wrong"). John Carradine also appeared in 1959 as the mind reader inThe Rifleman episode of the same name.
Carradine also made recurring appearances as the mortician Mr. Gateman on the television comedy seriesThe Munsters. He appeared as well in both of Irwin Allen's classic 1960s science-fiction television seriesLost in Space andLand of the Giants. In 1975 he was in an episode of Sid and Marty Croft's, "Far Out Space Nuts" withChuck McCann andBob Denver. In 1985, Carradine won aDaytime Emmy Award for his performance as an eccentric man who lives by the railroad tracks in the Young People's SpecialUmbrella Jack.
In 1982, he supplied the voice of the Great Owl in the animated featureThe Secret of NIMH. Also, he played the voice of the Wizard in the English-dubbed version ofAladdin and the Magic Lamp. One of Carradine's later appearances wasPeggy Sue Got Married in 1986. Carradine's last released film credit wasJack-O, released in 1995, seven years after his death.
Carradine's deep, resonant voice earned him the nickname "The Voice". He was known as the "Bard of the Boulevard" due to his idiosyncratic habit of strolling Hollywood streets while reciting Shakespearean soliloquies, something he always denied.[5]
Carradine was married four times. He married his first wife, Ardanelle Abigail McCool (January 25, 1911 – January 26, 1989), in 1935. She was the mother ofBruce andDavid.[5] John adopted Bruce, Ardanelle's son from a previous marriage. John had planned a large family, but according to the autobiography of his son David, after Ardanelle had had a series of miscarriages, Carradine discovered that she had repeated "coat hanger" abortions, without his knowledge, which rendered her unable to carry a baby to full term.[6] After only three years of marriage, Ardanelle Carradine filed for divorce, but the couple remained married for another five years.[15]
They divorced in 1944 when David was seven years old. Carradine left California to avoid court action in the alimony settlement.[16][17][18] After the couple engaged in a series of court battles involving child custody and alimony, which at one point landed Carradine in jail,[17] David joined his father in New York City. By this time, his father had remarried. For the next few years, David was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes, and reform school.[19]
In 1945, immediately following his divorce from Ardanelle, Carradine married Sonia Sorel (May 18, 1921 – September 24, 2004), who had appeared with him in the 1944 filmBluebeard. Sonia, who had adopted the stage name of Sorel, was the daughter of San Francisco brewer Henry Henius, granddaughter of biochemistMax Henius, and a great-niece of the historianJohan Ludvig Heiberg.[20] Together, Carradine and Sonia had three sons, Christopher,Keith, andRobert. Their divorce in 1957[20] was followed by an acrimonious custody battle, which resulted in their sons being placed in a home for abused children as wards of the court. Keith Carradine said "It was like being in jail. There were bars on the windows, and we were only allowed to see our parents through glass doors. It was very sad. We would stand there on either side of the glass door crying".[21]
Eventually, Carradine won custody of the children. For the next eight years, Sonia was not permitted to see the children.[22] Robert Carradine said that he was raised primarily by his stepmother, his father's third wife, Doris (Rich) Grimshaw, and believed her to be his mother until he was introduced to Sonia Sorel at a Christmas party when he was 14 years old. He told a journalist "I said, 'How do you do?' Keith took me aside and said 'That's our real mother.' I didn't know what he was talking about. But he finally convinced me."[23]
When John Carradine married Doris (Erving Rich) Grimshaw[24] in 1957, she already had a son, Dale, from a previous marriage and a son, Michael, from a later relationship. Both Dale and Michael, along with Sonia Sorel's son,Michael Bowen, are sometimes counted among John Carradine's eight sons.[25] She was a one-time studio typist who typed the script toThe Treasure of the Sierra Madre and who played a few roles in film and television.[26] Doris died in 1971 in a fire in her apartment in Oxnard, California. The fire was caused by a burning cigarette. She had been rescued from a similar fire two weeks earlier. At the time of her death, Carradine and she were separated.[27] Carradine was married a fourth time, from 1975 to his 1988 death, to Emily Cisneros in Oxnard, California.[4][28][29]
Semi-retired by the late 1980s, Carradine suffered from painful and cripplingrheumatoid arthritis in the years before he died from heart and kidney failure[30] at theFatebenefratelli Hospital [it] in Milan, Italy on November 27, 1988, at the age of 82. Hours before he was stricken, he had climbed the 328 steep steps of Milan'sGothic cathedral, the Duomo. According to David Carradine, his father had just finished a film (Buried Alive) in South Africa and was about to begin a European tour. David was with him, reading Shakespeare to him in his hospital bed, when he succumbed to his condition.[31] By the time David and Keith Carradine had arrived at their father's bedside at the hospital, he was unable to speak. "I was told that his last words were 'Milan: What a beautiful place to die.'" David recalled, "but he never spoke to me or opened his eyes. When he died, I was holding him in my arms. I reached out and closed his eyes. It's not as easy as it is in the movies."[6] There was a mass for John Carradine at St. Thomas the Apostle Episcopal Church in Hollywood. AnIrish wake followed, and his body was buried at sea between the California coast and Catalina Island.[6]
For his contributions to the film industry, Carradine was inducted into theHollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with amotion pictures star located at 6240 Hollywood Boulevard.[32] In 2003, he was inducted into theWestern Performers Hall of Fame at theNational Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Four ofCarradine's five sons became actors: David, Robert, Keith, and Bruce.[10] David had a prolific career, amassing 227 movie and television credits by the time of his death in 2009. He also had a brief Broadway career and produced and directed a number of independent projects. His success often led to work for other members of his family, including his father. The two appeared together in a few films, includingThe Good Guys and the Bad Guys (1969) andBoxcar Bertha (1972), produced byRoger Corman and directed byMartin Scorsese.
David's television seriesKung Fu featured his father John and half-brother Robert in the episode "Dark Angel". John appeared as the same character, the Reverend Serenity Johnson, in two more episodes: "The Nature of Evil" and "Ambush". David's brothers Bruce and Keith appeared in the series, with Keith playing David's character as a teenager for a brief period. David, Keith, and Robert appeared together in a humorous cameo onThe Fall Guy, on an episode titled "October the 31st", in which their father co-starred.
Robert appeared with his father in an episode of the firstTwilight Zone revival television series in 1986. The episode segment titled "Still Life" featured Robert as a photographer who discovers an unusual camera and his father as a college professor who helps him discover the camera's secret.
The following are only a few examples of the many roles John Carradine performed on television between 1947 and 1986:
