The Duke of Argyll | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Predecessor | Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll |
| Successor | Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll |
| Other names | Iain Ruaidh nan Cath or Red John of the Battles |
| Born | (1680-10-10)10 October 1680[1] Ham House,Petersham,Surrey |
| Died | 4 October 1743(1743-10-04) (aged 62) Sudbrook Park, Petersham |
| Buried | Westminster Abbey |
| Wars and battles | Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession Jacobite rising of 1715 |
| Spouses | Mary Brown Jane Warburton |
| Issue | 4 daughters, includingCaroline andMary |
| Parents | Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll Elizabeth Tollemache |
Field MarshalJohn Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, 1st Duke of Greenwich,KG, KT (10 October 1680 – 4 October 1743[1]), styledLord Lorne from 1680 to 1703, was a British army officer and politician. He served on the continent in theNine Years' War and fought at theSiege of Kaiserswerth during theWar of the Spanish Succession. He then went on to serve as a brigade commander during the later battles of the War of the Spanish Succession, and was subsequently given command of all British forces in Spain at the instigation of theHarley Ministry.
After conducting a successful evacuation of the troops from Spain, he becameCommander-in-Chief, Scotland. During theJacobite Rebellion, he led the government army against theJacobite forces led bythe Earl of Mar at theBattle of Sheriffmuir. Afterwards he served asLord Steward and thenMaster-General of the Ordnance under theWalpole–Townshend Ministry.
Born atHam House, he was the son ofArchibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll and Elizabeth Campbell (née Tollemache, daughter ofSir Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Baronet). His mother was astepdaughter ofJohn Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale, a dominant figure in Scotland duringCharles II's reign. Five years after his birth, Campbell's grandfatherArchibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll ledArgyll's Rising against the rule ofJames II of England and VII of Scotland for which he was executed inEdinburgh in June 1685. Campbell was privately tutored first by Walter Campbell of Dunloskin, then by John Anderson of Dumbarton and, finally, by Alexander Cunningham.[2]
Campbell wascommissioned, after his father had givenWilliam III some encouragement, as colonel ofLord Lorne's Regiment of Foot, a regiment entirely raised by the Argyll family, on 7 April 1694.[2] He served briefly on the European continent in theNine Years' War before the regiment was disbanded in 1698.[3] He also served under theDuke of Marlborough at theSiege of Kaiserswerth[4] in April 1702 during theWar of the Spanish Succession.[3] He was appointed aKnight of the Order of the Thistle later that year.[2]
Campbell succeeded his father as Duke of Argyll and Chief ofClan Campbell in 1703, and also became colonel of the4th Troop of Horse Guards and aprivy councillor.[3][5] For the help he gave the Queen persuading theParliament of Scotland to support theAct of Union, he was createdEarl of Greenwich andBaron Chatham in 1705.[6] He then returned to the continent and, having been promoted tomajor-general early in 1706, served as a brigade commander under Marlborough at theBattle of Ramillies in May 1706 and at theSiege of Ostend in June 1706.[6] After being appointed colonel ofPrince George of Denmark's Regiment in 1707, he went on to command a brigade at theBattle of Oudenarde in July 1708 and at theSiege of Lille in the Autumn of 1708.[6] Promoted tolieutenant general in April 1709, he also took part in theSiege of Tournai in June 1709 and theBattle of Malplaquet in September 1709.[6]
Appointed aKnight of the Order of the Garter in December 1710, Campbell was promoted to fullgeneral and given command of all British forces in Spain at the instigation of theHarley Ministry in January 1711.[6] He replacedJames Stanhope who had been forced tosurrender at Brihuega the previous December. The Harley government was negotiating an agreement with France which would see Britain recognisePhilip V of Spain, in exchange for being allowed to retainGibraltar andMinorca.[7]
After conducting a successful evacuation of the troops from Spain he becameCommander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1712.[6] By 1713, however, Campbell had become critical of the ministry, and he joined theWhig opposition in making speeches against the government's policy on theMalt Tax.[6] In July 1714, duringQueen Anne's last illness, Campbell gave his full support to theHanoverian succession.[6] He was rewarded with the colonelcy of theRoyal Horse Guards in June 1715.[6]
During theJacobite Rebellion, Campbell led the government army against theJacobites led by theEarl of Mar at theBattle of Sheriffmuir in November 1715.[6] The battle was indecisive but favoured the government strategically. He led the advance against the Jacobite capital ofPerth, capturing it in December with little bloodshed, but was then replaced as commander byWilliam Cadogan.[8]
Campbell arrived back in London early in March 1716, and at first stood high in the king's favour, but in a few months was stripped of his offices. This, however, did not deter him from the discharge of his parliamentary duties; he supported the bill for the impeachment ofBishop Atterbury, and lent his aid to his countrymen by opposing the bill for punishing the city of Edinburgh for thePorteous Riots. At the beginning of the year 1719 he was again admitted into favour, and in April was createdDuke of Greenwich.[6][5]
He went on to becomeLord Steward of the Household in 1721 and thenMaster-General of the Ordnance in June 1725[9] under theWalpole–Townshend Ministry. He also became colonel of theQueen's Regiment of Horse in August 1726[10] and, having been appointedGovernor of Portsmouth in November 1730,[11] he was restored to the colonelcy of theRoyal Horse Guards in August 1733.[12]
In the 1720s he commissioned the architectJames Gibbs to design aPalladian house atSudbrook Park close to his birthplace at Ham House.[13]
Promoted tofield marshal on 31 January 1735,[14] Campbell was stripped of his post as Master-General of the Ordnance and the colonelcy of the Royal Horse Guards for opposing the Government ofRobert Walpole in 1740.[15] However he was restored to his post asMaster-General of the Ordnance in February 1741[16] and restored to his colonelcy a few days later.[17] However, disapproving the measures of the new administration, and apparently disappointed at not being given the command of the army, he shortly resigned all his posts, and spent the rest of his life in privacy and retirement.[5]
Campbell died atSudbrook Park, Petersham on 4 October 1743 and was buried inWestminster Abbey; his grave is marked by a smalllozenge stone to the north east ofHenry VII's tomb. A large monument, designed by the French sculptor,Louis-François Roubiliac, was erected for him in the south transept and unveiled in 1749.[1]
Argyll Street in London'sWest End is named after him.[18]
Campbell married first, Mary Brown, daughter of John Brown and Ursula Duncombe, in 1701: they separated soon after the marriage and she died in 1717 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.[1] He married in 1717 secondly, Jane Warburton, daughter of Thomas Warburton and Anne Williams, sister ofHugh Warburton and maid of honour to Queen Anne; Jane died in 1767 and was buried with him in Westminster Abbey.[19] He had four daughters who reached maturity:Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich, Lady Elizabeth Campbell, Lady Anne Campbell andLady Mary Coke.[20]
Campbell is played byJames Robertson Justice in the 1953 filmRob Roy, the Highland Rogue.[21] He is played byAndrew Keir inMichael Caton-Jones'sRob Roy.[22]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: "Cadogan, William (1675-1726)".Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Yorke, Philip Chesney;Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Argyll, Earls and Dukes of s.v. John Campbell, 2nd duke of Argyll and duke of Greenwich". InChisholm, Hugh (ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 485.
| Parliament of Scotland | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Lord High Commissioner 1705–1706 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Lord Steward 1718–1725 | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Colonel ofLord Lorne's Regiment of Foot 1694–1697 | Regiment disbanded |
| Colonel of the4th Troop of Horse Guards 1703–1715 | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Colonel ofThe Duke of Argyll's Regiment of Foot 1703–1707 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel ofThe Duke of Argyll's Regiment of Foot 1706–1707 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel ofPrince George of Denmark's Regiment 1707–1711 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Edinburgh Castle 1712–1714 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel of theRoyal Horse Guards 1715–1717 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel ofThe Queen's Regiment of Horse 1726–1733 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel of theRoyal Horse Guards 1733–1740 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Colonel of theRoyal Horse Guards 1741–1742 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commander-in-Chief, Scotland 1712–1716 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Master-General of the Ordnance 1725–1740 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor of Portsmouth 1730–1737 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Master-General of the Ordnance 1741–1742 | Succeeded by |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by | Lord Lieutenant of Surrey 1715–1716 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of Scotland | ||
| Preceded by | Duke of Argyll 1703–1743 | Succeeded by |
| Peerage of Great Britain | ||
| New creation | Duke of Greenwich 1719–1743 | Extinct |
| Peerage of England | ||
| New creation | Earl of Greenwich 1705–1743 | Extinct |
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| Lord Chancellor |
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| Lord President of the Council |
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| Lord Privy Seal |
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| First Lord of the Admiralty |
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| Master-General of the Ordnance |
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| Paymaster of the Forces |
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| Lord Steward |
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| Lord Chamberlain |
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