John Axouch | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1087 |
| Died | c. 1150 |
| Allegiance | Byzantine Empire |
| Rank | Megas domestikos |
| Commands | Commander-in-chief of theByzantine army |
| Battles / wars | Campaigns of John II Komnenos,Battle of Beroia, Siege of Corfu (1149) |
| Children | Alexios Axouch |
| Relations | Kingmaker |
John Axouch orAxouchos (Greek:Ἰωάννης Ἀξούχ or Ἀξοῦχος,romanized: Iōánnēs Axoûchos,[a] (fl. 1087 –c. 1150), also transliterated asAxuch, was thecommander-in-chief (megas domestikos) of theByzantine army during the reign of EmperorJohn II Komnenos (r. 1118–1143), and during the early part of the reign of his sonManuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180). He may also have served as thede facto chief of the civil administration of theByzantine Empire.
John was aTurk by birth (referred to anachronistically as a "Persian" byJohn Kinnamos).[1] As a child, he had been captured atNicaea in 1097. Given toAlexios I Komnenos as a present, he was raised in the imperial household.[2][3] Growing up, he was a constant companion ofJohn Komnenos, Alexios's heir. When the latter ascended the throne as John II in 1118, he appointed John Axouch asmegas domestikos with the court title ofsebastos.[2] He was the emperor's only close personal friend and confidant,[1] and all members of the imperial family were required to make obeisance to him.[4][5] After foiling a plot against his throne and life by his sisterAnna and her husbandNikephoros Bryennios (who betrayed the plot), John II tried to give his sister's confiscated property to Axouch. Axouch wisely refused, realising that such a gift would further sour his relations with the imperial family and make him unpopular with the higher aristocracy. Axouch also asked the emperor for clemency for Anna, and the two siblings were reconciled, at least to a degree.[6]
Thanks in part to the abilities of Axouch, the new emperor was able to deal with the initial difficulties of asserting his authority over the imperial family without alienating them entirely. Because of this domestic ascendancy John II was able to concentrate on an aggressive foreign policy throughout most of his reign.[7]
The emperor was an active soldier, campaigning in theBalkans,Anatolia andSyria, therefore he and Axouch often collaborated in their efforts. In thetaking ofLaodicea from theSeljuk Turks in 1119, Axouch conducted the siege,[1] which then allowed John II a swift victory when he arrived on the scene. This campaign opened up the land route across Anatolia toAntalya andCilicia.
When fighting thePechenegs (Patzinaks) in the Balkans in 1122, Axouch was wounded in the leg or foot (see theBattle of Beroia).[8] Axouch also played an active part in the campaigns of 1137–1138 inCilicia,Antioch and Northern Syria, during the course of which he was wounded once again.[8]
In 1143, while preparing to conquer Crusader Antioch, John II died following a hunting accident in Cilicia. John Axouch was instrumental in gaining control of Constantinople for John's chosen successor, his younger surviving sonManuel I Komnenos, against the possible candidacies of hiselder brother anduncle, both named Isaac. Leaving Manuel and the army in Cilicia, Axouch travelled rapidly and reached Constantinople before news of John's death; once in the capital he secured control of the imperial treasuries and regalia, and the persons of the two princes, whom he confined to thePantokrator Monastery. Manuel's accession therefore suffered from no active opposition. Axouch was faithful to the wishes of John II, although he is recorded as having tried hard to persuade the dying emperor that his elder surviving sonIsaac was the better candidate to succeed.[9][10]
It is notable that some sources indicate that Axouch was much attached to Isaac and, at least early in his reign, Manuel was suspicious of any hint of collusion between his brother and Axouch.[11] Once in power, however, Manuel confirmed Axouch's position asmegas domestikos.[12] Axouch was also the one responsible for the introduction of an oath of allegiance to the new emperor in the coronation ceremony, a practice which lasted until the end of the Empire.[13]
At the emperor's table during a campaign in 1145–1146, a heated debate occurred, with comparisons being made between the martial qualities of Manuel and his father. John Axouch offensively extolled John II to the detriment of Manuel, and was vociferously supported by Manuel's brother Isaac. Tempers became inflamed and Isaac attacked his cousin, the future emperorAndronikos with a sword, the blow was deflected by the emperor with the aid of another kinsman. Axouch was punished for his part in the debacle by being deprived of the privilege of bearing the imperial seal.[14] The episode is indicative of Axouch's integration within the imperial family. It has been suggested that Axouch's possession of the imperial seal before 1145–1146 meant that he was, in addition to his military duties, the head of the civil administration of the Empire. This was an unofficial position known at the time as themesazon, and equivalent to avizier or "prime-minister".[15]
John Axouch commanded the forces acting against theNormans of Sicily inCorfu (1148–1149), initially as commander of the land forces, while themegas douxStephanos Kontostephanos commanded the fleet, but after the latter's death in 1149, Axouch assumed command of the entire expedition.[16] When rioting broke out between the Byzantine soldiery and the alliedVenetians, Axouch tried to mediate. However, he was eventually obliged to send his bodyguard to quell the disturbance by force.[8] Axouch's forces starved the Normans into submission in 1149, they surrendered their fortifications and withdrew from the island.[17] John Axouch is believed to have died shortly after, possibly in 1150 or in early 1151 at the latest.[2][18]
Unsurprisingly, for someone raised by Alexios I, Axouch appears to have been very well educated. He had a lively interest in theology, and is known to have asked searching questions of the theologianNicholas of Methone concerning the nature of the 'indwelling of the Holy Spirit within the apostles'. Emperor Manuel is known to have personally pressed Nicholas to produce a reasoned answer to Axouch's enquiry.[19]
John II led virtually all of the important campaigns conducted during his reign personally; as a result of this circumstance, Axouch is one of the few Byzantine commanders of this period to receive the notice of contemporary historians and chroniclers.
Axouch's ability and character were recognized and lauded by his contemporaries. ThusMichael Italikos called him the "Tower of the Empire of the Romans" and "an invincible rampart", while writers such asNicholas Basilakes or bishop Nicholas of Methone dedicated works to him.[20] The historianNiketas Choniates, born shortly after Axouch's death, gave the following description of John Axouch's qualities:[21]
"Not only were his hands skilled in war but they were also quick and agile in performing good works. Furthermore, the nobility and liberality of his mind quite overshadowed his humble origins and made Axuch beloved by all."
It has been suggested that the Axouch family, given their Turkish origins, formed a pro-Seljuk faction at the Byzantine court, in opposition to a pro-Western (Latin) clique. Because of the interpenetration of the elites at the Byzantine and Seljuk courts, a number of high-placed Byzantines defected to the Seljuks (includinga nephew of Emperor John II), diplomatic channels were always available even during periods of open warfare.[22]
John had a son,Alexios, who married Maria Komnene, the daughter of John II's eldest son and co-emperorAlexios (died 1142).[2][23] Alexios Axouch was madeprotostrator, the second-in-command of the Byzantine army. In 1167, he was accused of treason and forced to enter amonastery.[2][24] John Axouch's daughter, Eudokia, married Stephen Komnenos, a great-nephew of EmperorAlexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118).[2]