Johann Rist | |
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| Born | (1607-03-08)8 March 1607 |
| Died | 31 August 1667(1667-08-31) (aged 60) |
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Johann Rist (8 March 1607 – 31 August 1667) was a German poet and dramatist best known for his hymns, which inspired musical settings and have remained in hymnals.
Rist was born atOttensen inHolstein-Pinneberg (today Hamburg) on 8 March 1607; the son of theLutheran pastor of that place, Caspar Rist.[1] He received his early training at theGelehrtenschule des Johanneums in Hamburg and the Gymnasium Illustre inBremen; he then studiedtheology at the university ofRinteln. Under the influence of Josua Stegman there, his interest in hymn writing began. On leaving Rinteln, he tutored the sons of a Hamburg merchant, accompanying them to theUniversity of Rostock, where he himself studied Hebrew, mathematics, and medicine. During his time at Rostock, theThirty Years War almost emptied the university, and Rist himself lay there for several weeks, suffering from pestilence.[2]
In 1633, he became tutor in the house of Landschreiber Heinrich Sager atHeide, in Holstein. Two years later (1635) he was appointed pastor of the village ofWedel on theElbe.[1] In 1633 he married Elisabeth Stapel, sister of Franz Stapel, bailiff of nearby Pinneberg. They had five children, of whom two died early; Elisabeth died 1662. In 1664, he married Anna Hagedorn, born Badenhop, widow of his friend Phillipp Hagedorn. He died in Wedel on 31 August 1667.
Rist first made his name known to the literary world by a drama,Perseus (1634), which he wrote while at Heide, and in the next succeeding years he produced a number of dramatic works of which the allegoryDas friedewünschende Teutschland (1647) andDas friedejauchzende Teutschland (1653) (new ed. of both by H. M. Schletterer, 1864) are the most interesting. Rist soon became the central figure in a school of minor poets. The emperorFerdinand III crowned him laureate in 1644, ennobled him in 1653, and invested him with the dignity of aCount Palatine, an honor which enabled him to the crown, and to gain numerous poets for theElbschwanenorden (Order of Elbe Swans), a literary and poetical society which he founded in 1660. He had already, in 1645, been admitted, under the nameDaphnis aus Cimbrien, to the literary order ofPegnitz, and in 1647 he became, asDer Rüstige, a member of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft ("Fruitbearing Society").[1]
It is, however, as a writer of church hymns that Rist is best known. Among these several are still retained in the Protestant hymn book: e.g. "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort" and "Ermuntre dich, mein schwacher Geist". Collections of his poems appeared under the titlesMusa Teutonica (1634) andHimmlische Lieder (1643).[1]
Johann Sebastian Bach composed two cantatas on "O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort":BWV 60 (1723) using the first verse of the hymn, and thechorale cantataBWV 20 (1724) based on the entire chorale.Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78, is another chorale cantata by Bach, based on the hymn with the same name by Rist.
Rist's hymn "O Gottes Geist, mein Trost und Rat" is sung to the tune of "Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott".Christiana Mariana von Ziegler included its ninth stanza in her libretto for Bach's cantataEr rufet seinen Schafen mit Namen, BWV 175.[3]
Rist's 1641/1642 hymn "Ein trauriger Grabgesang" is notable for being an early occurrence of the phrase "God is dead" in German culture, this time in an explicitlytheistic, Protestant Christian context.[4]The text goes:
O große Not!
Gott selbst ligt tot,
Am Kreuz ist er gestorben.
