Johann Heinrich Winkler orWinckler (12 March 1703 – 18 May 1770) was a German physicist and philosopher.
Winckler was born inWingendorf, a village in Silesia.[1] He was educated atLeipzig University. One of his teachers wasAndreas Rüdiger, an opponent ofChristian Wolff.[1] Winckler read Wolff's works and defended him against Rudiger during his lessons.
In 1731, he was appointed a teacher (collega quartus) atSt. Thomas School in Leipzig. The building was enlarged the same year and he wrote the libretto ofFroher Tag, verlangte Stunde, a cantata to mark the completion of the project. It was set to music by his colleagueJohann Sebastian Bach and performed in the summer of 1732.[2]
Winckler authored a textbook of philosophy first published in 1735 and a second edition in 1742. In 1739, he became professor of philosophy at Leipzig university and professor of Latin and Greek in 1742. In 1750, he became professor of physics.[1]He was elected president of the university eight times.[1]
Winckler is best known for his electrical experimentation research.[3] In 1744, Winckler authored,Gedanken von den Eigenschaften, Wirkungen und Ursachen der Electricität: nebst einer Beschreibung zwo neuer electrischen Machinen (Thoughts on the Properties, Effects, and Causes of Electricity: Together with a Description of Two New Electrical Machines, 1744).
Winckler was elected to theRoyal Society in 1747.[1] The Royal Society, which spelled his name Winkler, published information about his electrical experiments in theirPhilosophical Transactions.[4]
Winckler authored a series of essays between 1741–1743 on the existence of animal souls.[5] He took an anti-Cartesian position and was convinced thatanimals have intelligence and possess sensitive souls. Winckler's textbookInstitutiones Philosophiae Universae, published in 1762, drew ethical conclusionsfrom his views on animal souls.[5] Winckler argued that since animals have sensitive souls, there is no valid reason why it should be permissible to torment them. Winckler stated that human beings should cause as little pain as possible to animals when using them or killing them for food.[5]
Winckler's writings on animal souls similar toJohann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann,John Hildrop,Richard Dean andLaurids Smith have been described as narrowing the gap between animals and human beings and starting "the idea of animal protection on the basis of animal psychology."[5]
