Jingzhou 荆州市 Kingchow | |
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     From top, left to right:Jingzhou old city wall; Statue ofQu Yuan; Jingzhou Museum; Wanshou Pagoda; Eastern Gate of the Old City Wall | |
.png) Location of Jingzhou City jurisdiction in Hubei | |
  Jingzhou Location of the city center in Hubei Show map of Hubei Jingzhou Jingzhou (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Jingzhou municipal government):30°20′11″N112°14′29″E / 30.3363°N 112.2414°E /30.3363; 112.2414 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hubei |
| Municipal seat | Shashi District |
| Area | |
| 14,068.68 km2 (5,431.95 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,576.0 km2 (608.5 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,576.0 km2 (608.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[2] | |
| 5,231,180 | |
| • Density | 370/km2 (960/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,068,291 |
| • Urban density | 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,068,291 |
| • Metro density | 680/km2 (1,800/sq mi) |
| GDP[3] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 159.1 billion US$ 25.5 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 27,781 US$ 4,460 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HB-10 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 鄂D |
| Website | jingzhou |
| Jingzhou | |||||||
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 "Jingzhou", as written in Simplified Chinese | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 荆州 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 荊州 | ||||||
| Postal | Kingchow | ||||||
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Jingzhou (Chinese:荆州;pinyin:Jīngzhōu) is aprefecture-level city in southernHubei province,China, located on the banks of theYangtze River. Its total residential population was 5,231,180 based on the2020 census, 1,068,291 of whom resided in the built-up (or metro) area comprising two urbandistricts.
Jingzhou's central urban area has grown out ofShashi City and Jingzhou Town (historically also known asJiangling); their names were preserved in the names ofShashi District andJingzhou District, which include the city's historical center, as well asJiangling County, which administers the suburban areas of the larger historical area of Jiangling.[4][5] The name "Shashi" also remains in the names of a number of local facilities, such asJingzhou Shashi Airport and a railway freight station.
The contemporary city of Jingzhou is named afterancient province of the same name, which was one of thenine provinces of ancient China.[1] Said province was named after the nearbyJing Mountains.[1]
Jingzhou occupies an area of 14,067 square kilometres (5,431 sq mi)[1] with a topography rising from east to west.[citation needed] It is covered by a dense network of waterways, as well as lakes, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River on theJianghan Plain.[citation needed] Downstream to its east liesWuhan, the provincial capital, and to the west lies the city ofYichang, theThree Gorges, andChongqing Municipality.[citation needed]Jingmen City, also in Hubei, lies to the north; to its south areYueyang andChangde, both inHunan Province.[citation needed] 12.42% of the city's area is forested.[6]
Jingzhou has ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa), with hot, humid summers, and damp, chilly, but drier winters. Monthly daily average temperatures range from 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January to 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) in July. The area receives 1,800 to 2,000 hours of sunshine per year and has a frost-free period of 242−263 days annually.[7]
| Climate data for Jingzhou, elevation 32 m (105 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.9 (85.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 38.7 (101.7) | 39.4 (102.9) | 36.8 (98.2) | 33.2 (91.8) | 29.7 (85.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 39.4 (102.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 22.1 (71.8) | 27.0 (80.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 32.3 (90.1) | 32.1 (89.8) | 28.3 (82.9) | 22.9 (73.2) | 16.6 (61.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 21.4 (70.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 7.0 (44.6) | 11.4 (52.5) | 17.3 (63.1) | 22.2 (72.0) | 25.8 (78.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 17.0 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.6 (72.7) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 20.3 (68.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 8.9 (48.0) | 3.5 (38.3) | 13.8 (56.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −14.9 (5.2) | −9.2 (15.4) | −1.6 (29.1) | −0.1 (31.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 18.1 (64.6) | 15.8 (60.4) | 10.6 (51.1) | 1.7 (35.1) | −3.0 (26.6) | −6.3 (20.7) | −14.9 (5.2) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 37.3 (1.47) | 46.3 (1.82) | 69.5 (2.74) | 118.8 (4.68) | 132.4 (5.21) | 158.9 (6.26) | 172.6 (6.80) | 110.6 (4.35) | 70.5 (2.78) | 74.1 (2.92) | 53.1 (2.09) | 24.0 (0.94) | 1,068.1 (42.06) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.4 | 9.1 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 7.0 | 122.4 |
| Average snowy days | 4.4 | 3.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 10.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 79 | 81 | 79 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 74 | 77 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 83.5 | 86.5 | 116.7 | 138.0 | 145.4 | 143.2 | 195.4 | 200.1 | 145.4 | 129.3 | 113.5 | 99.8 | 1,596.8 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 26 | 27 | 31 | 36 | 34 | 34 | 46 | 49 | 40 | 37 | 36 | 32 | 36 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[8][9] all-time extreme temperature[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[7] | |||||||||||||
According to the2010 census, the prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has 5,691,707 inhabitants[1] and a population density of 405 inhabitants per km2.[11]
As of the 7th census of Jingzhou done by the municipal government, Jingzhou's population shrunk slightly to an estimated 5,231,180 inhabitants, residing in about 1,833,292households. Of Jingzhou's residential population, 2,664,658 or 50.94 percent were males while 2,566,522 of 49.06 percent were females. The sex ratio was 103.82 (female=100, male to female). There were 534,914 persons with university education. Compared with 2010, the number of people with university education went up from 6,828 persons to 10,225 persons per 100,000 persons, the average years of schooling for people aged 15 and above increased from 8.81 years to 9.29 years, and the illiteracy rate dropped from 4.41 percent (251,100) to 2.79 (145,900) percent. Additionally, Shashi and Jingzhou districts' the average years of schooling for people aged 15 were longer than 10 years.[12]
The prefecture-level city of Jingzhou has jurisdiction over twodistricts, threecounty-level cities, threecounties and oneeconomic and technological development zone.[1][13][14] The information here presented uses themetric system and data from the 2010 census.
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Area (km2) | Population (2010)[1] | Density (/km2) |
| Jingzhou District | 荆州区 | Jīngzhōu Qū | 1,046 | 553,756 | 529 |
| Shashi District | 沙市区 | Shāshì Qū | 469 | 498,526 | 1,063 |
| Jingzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone[14][15] | 荆州经济技术开发区 | Jīngzhōu Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū | 101,804 | ||
| Songzi City | 松滋市 | Sōngzī Shì | 2,235 | 765,911 | 343 |
| Shishou City | 石首市 | Shíshǒu Shì | 1,427 | 577,022 | 404 |
| Honghu City | 洪湖市 | Hónghú Shì | 2,519 | 819,446 | 325 |
| Jianli City | 监利市 | Jiànlì Shì | 3,118 | 1,162,770 | 373 |
| Jiangling County | 江陵县 | Jiānglíng Xiàn | 1,032 | 331,344 | 321 |
| Gong'an County | 公安县 | Gōng'ān Xiàn | 2,258 | 881,128 | 390 |
As of 2019, Jingzhou has aGDP of ¥251.648 billion, which grew at an annual rate of 7.5%.[6] 17.3% of the city's GDP came from itsprimary sector, 37.1% came from itssecondary sector, and 45.6% came from itstertiary sector.[6] As of 2019, most of the city's economic growth is derived from its secondary and tertiary sectors, which grew at an annual rate of 8.1% and 8.8%, respectively.[6] The city's residents had aper capita disposable income of ¥26,543, a 9.8% annual increase.[6] Urban residents had a per capita disposable income of ¥35,910, while rural residents averaged ¥18,893 in disposable income.[6] Jingzhou's per capita disposable income grew 10.2% for urban areas, and 9.2% for rural areas.[6]
The size of Jingzhou's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture sector in 2019 totaled ¥76.645 billion.[6] The city produced 4.5117 million tons ofgrain, 433 thousand tons ofvegetable oil, 38,000 tons ofcotton, and 3.1332 million tons ofvegetables.[6] In 2019, 2.9777 million heads of swine, and 63.9012 million heads of poultry were slaughtered in Jingzhou.[6] 1.1195 million tons of aquaculture products were produced, with 45.77% (512.4 thousand tons) of this comprising shrimp and crabs.[6]
In 2019, Jingzhou saw a 2.3% decline inlight industry output, and a 17.0% rise inheavy industry output.[6] The size of the city'sstate-owned economy shrunk 3.4%, itscollectively-owned economy grew 2.4%, and itsprivately owned economy grew 7.2%.[6]
One of Jingzhou's most prominent industries is its construction industry, which earned ¥29.877 billion in 2019.[6] As of 2019, the city has 385 construction firms.[6]
In 2019, Jingzhou's consumer retail sales totaled ¥144.735 billion.[6] Consumer retail sales grew at an annual rate of 11.5%.[6]
In 2019, the city'sinsurance industry made ¥16.293 billion in revenue off of premiums, a 15.0% increase from the previous year.[6] Of this, ¥12.213 billion came from personal insurance, and ¥4.08 billion came from property insurance, an increase of 12.7% and 22.3% from 2018, respectively.[6] Jingzhou's insurance industry paid 5.171 billion in compensation, a 1.8% increase from the previous year.[6]
In 2019, Jingzhou conducted 1.697 billion USD in foreign trade, a 6.8% decline from the previous year.[6] Of this, imports accounted for 0.335 billion USD, and exports accounted for 1.363 billion USD.[6]
Jingzhou has been inhabited for approximately 5,000 to 6,000 years, with the historic Daxi culture residing in present-day Jingzhou.[1] Situated in the middle reaches of theYangtze River, the area has been a strategic location of military importance sinceancient times.[citation needed]
The area of present-day Jingzhou was where theState of Chu was founded.[1]Ying, an ancient city within the borders of present-day Jingzhou, became the capital of the State of Chu in 689 BCE, and remained as such for over 400 years, including during theSpring and Autumn andWarring States periods of theZhou dynasty.[1]
During theHan dynasty andThree Kingdoms era, Jingzhou was known asNanjun due to it being the seat ofNanjun district.[16]
The city was lost toEastern Wu byGuan Yu during theThree Kingdoms period leading to the modern phrase "dàyì shī Jīngzhōu" (大意失荆州),lit. 'carelessness lost Jingzhou'.
Under theTang dynasty, it served as the southern capital and was known asNandu (南都; 'south capital').[17]
Later on,Jiangling was the capital of theSouthern Qi andLiang dynasties.[1] It was the capital of the smallJingnan Kingdom (also known as Nanping) that existed from 924 to 963 during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.[18]
Jingzhou was the site of one of the last major battles between Republican and Qing forces during theXinhai Revolution in 1911.[citation needed] At the end of the Qing dynasty, Jingzhou had one of the largestManchu populations, around half of the city, anywhere outside Beijing.[19]
In July 1949, the area was taken by thePeople's Liberation Army.[1]
On September 29, 1994, Jiangling County and Shashi City were merged to create theprefecture-level city of Jingsha.[1] On November 20, 1996, Jingsha was renamed to Jingzhou.[1]
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Numerous sites have been preserved from theChu State period, including the ruins of five Chu cities, 73 sites featuring Chu Culture and more than 800 ancient tombs, including those of 18 Chu kings.
There are also historical sites dating to theThree Kingdoms period, such as theWulin Battlefield (where theBattle of Red Cliffs took place) and theHuarong Path.
Thecity walls were rebuilt in 1646 and measure 9 metres (30 ft) high and 10 metres (33 ft) thick. The perimeter of the wall extends for 10.17 kilometres (6.32 mi). The city walls, city gates, watchtowers, and battlements have all been well maintained. Many of the towers on top of the majestic city gates have been damaged or rebuilt, leaving only theChaozong Tower which was rebuilt in 1838 on theGongji Gate.
TheJingzhou Museum has on display a well-preserved 2,000-year-old male corpse, as well as silk and lacquerware from theWarring States period.
A 58-meter-tall, 1,197-ton bronzeStatue of Guan Yu designed byHan Meilin was constructed in Jingzhou in 2016. In 2021, the statue was dismantled, and is currently pending relocation to Dianjiangtai.[20]
Jingzhou is home to unique breakfast items. The city has a unique style ofguokui, a Chinese flatbread, as well as a unique style ofrice noodles.[21][22]
There are 1,243 schools in Jingzhou, attended by about 707,300 students, as of 2019.[6] Of this, there are 15secondaryvocational schools attended by 28,600 students, 53 general secondary schools attended by 82,800 students, 123 general junior high schools attended by 146,000 students, 396 primary schools attended by 308,500 students, 8special education schools attended by 1,151 students, and 587 kindergartens attended by 140,300 students.[6] The city's education system is staffed by about 53,400 faculty.[6]
In addition to schools, Jingzhou has 176 cultural institutions staffed by 1,168 employees, and 8public libraries which house 1.382 million books.[6]
As of the end of 2019, Jingzhou has 3,155 medical institutions, staffed by 42,422 employees, and 32,686 hospital beds.[6]
Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, Japan[23]
Bila Tserkva,Kyiv Oblast, Ukraine
Port Chester, New York, United States
Yanggu County, Gangwon, South Korea统计用区划代码 名称 421001000000 市辖区 421002000000 沙市区 421003000000 荆州区 421022000000 公安县 421023000000 监利县 421024000000 江陵县 421081000000 石首市 421083000000 洪湖市 421087000000 松滋市
荆州区 沙市区 江陵县 松滋市 公安县 石首市 监利县 洪湖市 荆州经济技术开发区
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