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Jingdezhen 景德镇市 Kingtechen; Kingtehchen; Chingtechen | |
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    | |
 Location of Jingdezhen City jurisdiction in Jiangxi | |
| Coordinates (JingdezhenNPC):29°17′30″N117°11′55″E / 29.2917°N 117.1986°E /29.2917; 117.1986 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jiangxi |
| Municipal seat | Changjiang District |
| Government | |
| • CPC Party Secretary | Hu Xuemei |
| • Mayor | Chen Kelong Acting |
| Area | |
• Total | 5,256 km2 (2,029 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Population (2018)[1] | |
• Total | 1,669,057 |
| • Density | 317.6/km2 (822.5/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 77.2 billion US$ 12.4 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 47,217 US$ 7,581 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 333000 |
| Area code | 0798 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-JX-02 |
| Licence plate prefixes | 赣H |
| Administrative division code | 360200 |
| Website | www |
| Jingdezhen | |||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Jingdezhen" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 景德镇 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 景德鎮 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Fowliang | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Jingdezhen is aprefecture-level city in easternJiangxi province with a total population of 1,669,057 (2018),[1] borderingAnhui to the north. It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producingChinese ceramics for at least 1,000 years, and for much of that periodJingdezhen porcelain was the most important and finest quality in China. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years.
Throughout both theSpring and Autumn period and theWarring States period, the area of present-day Jingdezhen belonged to theChu State.[3] After the fall of the Chu, the area was incorporated into theQin dynasty as part of Fan County (番县) inJiujiang Commandery [zh].[3] Under theHan dynasty, the area belonged to Poyang County (鄱阳县) inYuzhang Commandery [zh].[3] Under the Han dynasty, the particular area of future Jingdezhen was known as Xinping (新平).[3] Historical records show that it was during this time that it began to make porcelain.[4]
The town was established during theJin dynasty under the name Changnan (昌南),[3] due to its location on the south bank of the Chang river.[5] The town's name would be changed twice, first in 742 CE to Fuliang (浮梁), and then in 1004 to Jingdezhen, its current name,[3] after theera name of theEmperor Zhenzong ofSong during whose reign its porcelain production first rose to fame.[6] The town was placed under the jurisdiction of Fuliang County.[3]
In theMing andQing dynasties, Jingdezhen was considered one of China's four greattowns in terms of commercial and industrial importance. The others wereFoshan inGuangdong,Hankou inHubei, andZhuxian inHenan.[7]
In 1855 during theTaiping Rebellion, Taiping forces destroyed all 9,000 kilns in Jingdezhen. They would be rebuilt after the war in 1866.[citation needed]
In the 19th century, Jingdezhen became acounty.[citation needed]
On April 29, 1949,Communist forces took the city.[3]
On May 4, 1949, it was upgraded to a prefecture city. However, to honor its history, Jingdezhen retained it the wordzhen meaningtown in its name. Usually when a town is upgraded to a city, the designation ofshi meaningcity replaces that ofzhen.[8]
In June 1953, Jingdezhen was upgraded into a provincial level city.[8]
In 1960,Fuliang County was merged into the city.[3]
Jingdezhen was named one of top 24 national historical and cultural cities of the People's Republic of China on February 28, 1982.[9]
In July 1983, Leping County was also merged into the city.[3] In October 1988, Fuliang County was re-established, and in September 1992, Leping County was re-established as acounty-level city.[3]
In 2004, Jingdezhen celebrated the millennium of its becoming the porcelain capital and it is assuming its present name.
Due to the relatively low cost of living and the heritage of the porcelain industry, Jingdezhen has become a haven for young artists from all over China, who are often referred to known as Jingpiao (景漂).[5][6][10]
Jingdezhen is situated in the north-east ofJiangxi and borders onAnhui; the city center area is located in the north-east of thePoyang Lake Plain. Its area is 5,256 km2 (2,029 sq mi).[11] The highest point is 1,618 m (5,308 ft), with plains on the southern part having an average altitude of 200 m (660 ft).
There are some cities and counties between Jiangxi and Anhui Province around Jingdezhen. To its north, northwest and northeast areDongzhi,Xiuning, andQimen County of Anhui province. To its south areWannian County andYiyang County. To its west isBoyang County. Lastly, to its southeast areWuyuan County andDexing City.
The prefecture's natural resources includekaolin, coal,manganese, andlime. Although various forms of kaolin has since been found around the world, it was theJingdezhen kilns who first perfected its use in combination withpetuntse to create world-classhard-paste porcelain. The name "kaolin" itself derives from theFrenchJesuitd'Entrecolles'stranscription of the local termgāolǐngtǔ (高嶺土), taken from Gaoling (高嶺,Gāolǐng), a village in Ehu Town inFuliang County that provided most of the city's kaolin during the early and mid-Qing dynasty.[12][13][14]
Jingdezhen has ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) affected by the East Asianmonsoon, with long, humid, very hot summers and cool and drier winters with occasional cold snaps. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 5.6 °C (42.1 °F) in January to 29.1 °C (84.4 °F) in July, with an annual average of 17.81 °C (64.1 °F). The average annual precipitation is 1,805 mm (71.1 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 25% in March to 56% in August, the city receives 1,798 hours of bright sunshine annually. Winter begins somewhat sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier; spring begins especially gloomy, and from March to July each of the months averages more than 190 mm (7.5 in) of rainfall. Summer is the sunniest season here, while autumn remains warm to mild and relatively dry. Extreme maximum temperatures of above 40 °C (104 °F) have been recorded, as have extreme minimums below −10 °C (14 °F).
| Climate data for Jingdezhen, elevation 62 m (203 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1952–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.2 (81.0) | 28.8 (83.8) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.0 (95.0) | 36.3 (97.3) | 37.9 (100.2) | 40.5 (104.9) | 41.8 (107.2) | 39.7 (103.5) | 38.2 (100.8) | 32.3 (90.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) | 13.5 (56.3) | 17.4 (63.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 30.2 (86.4) | 33.9 (93.0) | 33.9 (93.0) | 30.7 (87.3) | 25.7 (78.3) | 19.5 (67.1) | 13.2 (55.8) | 23.3 (74.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.3 (84.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.0 (68.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 18.3 (64.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 14.1 (57.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 22.6 (72.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.2 (77.4) | 21.6 (70.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 10.0 (50.0) | 4.5 (40.1) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.9 (12.4) | −9.2 (15.4) | −4.5 (23.9) | 0.2 (32.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 18.4 (65.1) | 16.8 (62.2) | 8.9 (48.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | −7.2 (19.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | −10.9 (12.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 95.7 (3.77) | 116.6 (4.59) | 194.3 (7.65) | 229.2 (9.02) | 243.2 (9.57) | 353.4 (13.91) | 241.2 (9.50) | 160.0 (6.30) | 59.3 (2.33) | 56.0 (2.20) | 78.9 (3.11) | 58.7 (2.31) | 1,886.5 (74.26) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.4 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 16.7 | 12.1 | 10.9 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 147.8 |
| Average snowy days | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 5.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 77 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 80 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 71 | 75 | 74 | 75 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 89.5 | 90.4 | 102.8 | 127.7 | 150.1 | 124.6 | 208.0 | 205.8 | 177.0 | 169.1 | 136.3 | 126.8 | 1,708.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 27 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 36 | 30 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 48 | 43 | 40 | 39 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[15][16][17]NOAA[18][19] | |||||||||||||
The city of Jingdezhen is divided into 4county-level divisions:Zhushan District,Changjiang District,Fuliang County, and thecounty-level city ofLeping.[3] These 4 county-level divisions administer 52township-level divisions, and 687village-level divisions.[3]
| English name | Hanzi[3] | Division Type[3] | Population (2007) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zhushan District | 珠山区 | District | 279,357 |
| Changjiang District | 昌江区 | District | 170,229 |
| Fuliang County | 浮梁县 | County | 280,029 |
| Leping City | 乐平市 | County-level city | 832,142 |
| Map |
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Jingdezhen may have producedpottery as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name ofEmperor Zhenzong, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. For several centuries, almost all top quality Chinese porcelain has come from the town.[20] From theMing period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making "imperial porcelain" in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.
Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits ofpetuntse, more contemporarily called pottery stone,[21][22][23][24] in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares.[25] The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian.[26]
It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and asChinese export porcelain, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successivelyQingbai ware in the Song andYuan dynasties,blue and white porcelain from the 1330s, and the "famille rose" and other "famille" colours under theQing dynasty. The town continues to produce cheaper tablewares in great quantity, as well as more expensive decorative pieces. During theCultural Revolution, Jingdezhen produced a large number of porcelainMao badges and statues of a seatedMao Zedong.
Jingdezhen porcelain has fetched record prices at auctions, with ablue and white porcelain jar produced during theYuan dynasty auctioning for $27.7 million in London in 2005,[27] and a porcelain cup produced during theMing dynasty auctioning for $36.3 million in 2014.[4]
Jingdezhen serves as an important industrial and commercial base inJiangxi Province. In 2018, Jingdezhen achieved a GDP of 92.611 billion yuan.[3] Of this, 6.62% of the city's GDP came from itsprimary sector, 44.22% came from itssecondary sector, and the remaining 49.16% came from itstertiary sector.[3]
As of 2018, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in the city is ¥37,183, which ranks third amongprefecture-level divisions in Jiangxi (behindNanchang andXinyu).[3] Per capita disposable income for rural residents for 2018 is ¥16,510, which ranks fourth among prefecture-level divisions in Jiangxi (behindPingxiang, Xinyu, and Nanchang).[3]
For 2018, the city's public budget revenue was ¥8.98555 billion, and its public budget expenditure was ¥20.43550 billion.[3]
There are some important industrial enterprises in Jingdezhen City, such as Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation; Jingdezhen Ceramics; Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor, etc.[citation needed]
Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation, a subsidiary of theAviation Industry Corporation of China, is based in Jingdezhen.[28] The firm, established in 1969, mainly sells helicopters to thePeople's Liberation Army, but also does business with firms such asBoeing,Sikorsky, andLeonardo.[28] Changhe produces aircraft parts for theBoeing 767-300BCF.[citation needed]
Jiangxi Changhe Automobile Co Ltd, commonly known as Changhe, is an automotive firm owned byBAIC Group which is based in the city.[29] The firm is forecast to produce 53,400 vehicles in 2019.[3]
Jingdezhen Ceramics Co Ltd (景德镇陶瓷股份有限公司) is a joint venture with a French company and is most famous of Jingdezhen's ceramic companies.[citation needed] In February 2002, then-CCP General SecretaryJiang Zemin presented a porcelain set produced by the company under its Hongye (红叶) brand to U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush.[30]
Jingdezhen Refrigeration Compressor Company is well known in China for its non-Eph refrigeration compressor.[citation needed] It holds a 20% share of its market in China.[citation needed]
| Agricultural Economic Data of Jingdezhen (2007) | ||||
| Economic Item | Unit | Data | ||
| Name of Items | Statistics range | |||
| Agricultural GDP | city | RMB(yuan) | 3.8 billion | |
| Sown area of grain | city | Mu | 13.22 billion | |
| Grain output | city | ton | 515,000 | |
| Meat production | city | ton | 47,000 | |
| Forestry production | city | RMB(yuan) | 2.41 million | |
| Animal husbandry output value | city | RMB(yuan) | 1.036 billion | |
| Fishery production | city | RMB(yuan) | 262 million | |
| Agricultural services industry | city | RMB(yuan) | 161 million | |
| Tea output | Fuliang County | RMB(yuan) | 123 million | |
| Aquaculture output | Changjiang District | RMB(yuan) | 200 million | |
| Source:Jingdezhen People's Government[31] | ||||
Jingdezhen is a major agricultural center in Jiangxi, with extensive rice cultivation within its boundaries. The area is also an important producer of commodity grain, pigs, and cotton.
In Fuliang County there are some large-scale tea plantations and processing facilities.[citation needed] The tea of Fuliang County is well known in China.[citation needed]Bai Juyi, a famous poet ofTang dynasty China, wrote a poem that says "My merchant loved money more than family, he left me to go to Fuliang to buy tea last month".[citation needed] This suggests that one thousand years ago Fuliang was already well known for its tea.[citation needed] In 1915, Fuliang's "Fuhong" brand tea won a golden prize inPanama–Pacific International Exposition.[citation needed]
Leping City, the "Vegetable Township ofSouth China"[citation needed], is a major vegetable growing and processing area for Jiangxi Province even for China. Its vegetable output and sales are important to the agricultural economy of Jiangxi Province. In 2007, Leping had 1.7 million hectares under cultivation that produced a total output of 620,000 tons.[citation needed] TheAgriculture Ministry of China also designated Leping as a demonstration zone for "pollution-free" vegetable production.[citation needed]
Jingdezhen is the most important transportation hub in the northeast region of Jiangxi province.[citation needed] Historically, Jingdezhen's main communication route was via the Chang River.[citation needed] It could ship its porcelain down the Chang toPoyang Lake and connected there with theYangtze River inHukou County, Jiangxi Province.[citation needed] From there the porcelain could get to the coast for export. Today, the city is connected to the rest of China via road, rail, and air.
TheAnhui–Jiangxi Railway connects Jingdezhen to many key cities in China such as Shanghai,Nanjing,Jinan,Qingdao,Hefei,Guangzhou,Fuzhou,Xiamen,Nanchang,Kunming andGuiyang, etc.[citation needed] In addition, theJiujiang- Jingdezhen-Quzhou Railway is under construction.[citation needed] In the near future, the two rail lines will intersect in Jingdezhen, and make the city an important rail transportation hub in Jiangxi Province and East China.[citation needed] The Jingdezhen Railway Station is located in the city center and is under the control of the Nanchang Railway Bureau.[citation needed]
Jingdezhen Luojia Airport is located at Luojian Village, northwest of Jingdezhen city, and about 8 km (5.0 mi) from the city's downtown.[citation needed]
CAAC statistics show that in 2008 Jingdezhen Airport served 189,256 passengers, 81st among all Chinese airports.[32] Annual cargo and mail traffic was 119.8 tons; annual landings were 2,424, ranking 111st and 91st respectively in China.[32]
There are flights from Jingdezhen to Beijing(CA), Shanghai(ZH), Guangzhou(ZH), Shenzhen(ZH), Chengdu(CA), Hangzhou(MU), Fuzhou(ZH), Kunming(MU), Xiamen(CA), Xi'an(ZH).[citation needed] There are no international flights. Jingdezhen Airport is the second largest airport in Jiangxi Province.[citation needed] The largest is atNanchang.[citation needed]
There was only one bus line in Jingdezhen before the 1980s, which was from Huang-ni-tou to Nan-men-tou with a total line distance of 7 kilometres (4.3 miles).[citation needed] In that time, the city had no taxi service and the buses were channel-type bus, it could carry more than one hundred passengers at most at the same time.[citation needed] This kinds of buses were renewed when they were operated to the end of 1990s.[citation needed]
Currently, Jingdezhen public buses and taxis are the two main means of transportation within the city[citation needed]. Nearly more than 20public bus lines crisscross the city and its countryside.[citation needed] Taxis in Jingdezhen are plentiful; fares start at ¥8 for the first 2 kilometres (1.2 miles).[citation needed]
Jingdezhen has 4higher education institutions, 110secondary schools, 328primary schools, and 4special education schools.[3]
The city's 4 higher education institutions are theJingdezhen Ceramic Institute (JCI),Jingdezhen College [zh], Jiangxi Ceramic Arts and Crafts Vocational and Technical College (江西陶瓷工艺美术职业技术学院), and Jingdezhen Ceramic Vocational and Technical College (景德镇陶瓷职业技术学院).
Among the city's secondary schools is theNo.1 Middle School of Jingdezhen, which was founded in 1940. It is famous for its success rate, relative to other schools in Jiangxi Province, in placing its students in Chinese colleges.[33]
Jingdezhen has more than 20 medical service institutions with a total 2182 beds.[citation needed] Doctors and nurses number 2,672. It has the largest hospital system in the north-east of Jiangxi Province. The No.1, No.2 and No.3 People's Hospital of Jingdezhen are the most important hospitals in the city; the No.4 People's Hospital is apsychiatric hospital.[citation needed]
Jingdezhen is a major tourism destination withinJiangxi Province, receiving 85.063 million tourists in 2018.[3] Many of the city's tourist attractions are related to the city's famous ceramics, including theAncient Kiln Folk Customs Museum [zh], a5A tourist attraction.[3] Jingdezhen also has 8 4A tourist attractions, and 14 3A tourist attractions.[3] The city also provides access to nearby popular tourist areas such asLushan,Huangshan, andWuyuan.[citation needed]
At present, Jingdezhen has the most tourist hotels of any city in Jiangxi Province.[citation needed] In the city there is one quasi-five-star hotel, two four-star hotels, and many three-star and other common grade hotels.[citation needed]
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