Jin state 진국 辰國 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th century BCE–2nd century BCE | |||||||||||
 Jin state in 108 BCE | |||||||||||
| Capital | Not specified | ||||||||||
| Common languages |
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| Religion | Shamanism | ||||||||||
| Government | Tribalconfederacy | ||||||||||
| Chief | |||||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||||
• Establishment | 4th century BCE | ||||||||||
• Succeeded bySamhan | 2nd century BCE | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | South Korea North Korea | ||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||
| Hangul | 진국 | ||||||||||
| Hanja | 辰國 | ||||||||||
| RR | Jinguk | ||||||||||
| MR | Chin'guk | ||||||||||
The state ofJin (Korean pronunciation:[tɕin]) was a confederacy of statelets which occupied some portion of the southernKorean peninsula from the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean Kingdom ofOld Chosŏn (Gojoseon) to the north. Its capital was somewhere south of theHan River. It preceded theSamhan confederacies, each of which claimed to be the successor of the Jin state.[1]
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"Jin" is theRevised Romanization of Korean진, originally written辰 in Korean Chinese characters (hanja). This character'sOld Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as/*[d]ər/[2] and originally referred to the 5thearthly branch of theChinese andKorean zodiacs, a division of the orbit ofJupiter identified with thedragon. This was associated with abearing of 120° (between ESE and SE) but also with the two-hour period between 7 and 9 am, leading it to be associated with dawn and the direction east.
A variant romanization of Jin isChin underMcCune–Reischauer romanization.
The degree of the organization of Jin as a formal political state is unclear. It seems likely that it was a federation of small states much like the subsequentSamhan.[citation needed] For the state to be able to contend with its contemporaryWiman Chosŏn and send embassies to the court of theWestern Han dynasty, there was probably some level of stable central authority. Korean historian Ki-baek Lee (1984, p. 24) also suggests that the kingdom's attempt to open direct contacts "suggests a strong desire on the part of Chin [Jin] to enjoy the benefits of Chinese metal culture." However, for the most part Wiman Chosŏn prevented direct contact between Jin and China.[3]
King Jun ofOld Chosŏn is reported to have fled to Jin afterWiman seized his throne and established Wiman Chosŏn. Some believe that Chinese mentions of Gaeguk or Gaemaguk (蓋馬國, literally means Kingdom of armored horses, located nearKaema Plateau) refers to Jin.[citation needed]Goguryeo is said to have conquered "Gaemaguk" in 26 CE, but this may refer to a different tribe in northern Korea. An official of Old Chosŏn called Yeok Gye Gyeong (歷谿卿), after failing to persuadeUgeo, is said to have defected from Old Chosŏn to Jin, which is described to be located at the East of Old Chosŏn.[4]
Records are somewhat contradictory on Jin's demise: it either became the laterJinhan,[5] or diverged into theSamhan as a whole.[6] Archeological records of Jin have been found centered in territory that later becameMahan.[1]
Alexander Vovin, among others, suggests thatJaponic languages, which he classifies asPeninsular Japonic, were spoken in large parts of southern Korea andJeju before they were replaced by proto-Koreanic languages.[7][8] While it is believed that Koreanic/proto-Koreanic and Japonic/proto-Japonic (i.e. Peninsular Japonic) co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time,[9][10][11] the establishment of Koreanic speakers and their assimilation of Japonic speakers may have played a role in aYayoi migration to the Japanese archipelago, believed to have occurred between 1,000 BCE–300 CE, which overlaps with the period in which Jin is attested.[12][13][14][15][16] Given this overlap, it is possible that, asKōno Rokurō and Vovin suggest was the case with the later Korean kingdom ofPaekche with regard toPuyŏ languages andHan languages,[17][18] Jin may have been a bilingual state with regard to Koreanic languages and Peninsular Japonic.
South Korean historianKi-Moon Lee classified thePuyŏ languages leading to "Goguryeo–Paekche–Wa" and theHan languages, the direct ancestor of modern Korean leading to "Old Chosŏn–Silla.”[19]
While, Japanese historian Hideto Ito classified theYe andWa into the same language family.[20]
Archaeologically, Jin is commonly identified with the Korean bronze dagger culture, which succeeded theLiaoning bronze dagger culture in the latefirst millennium BCE.[1] The most abundant finds from this culture have been in southwestern Korea'sChungcheong andJeolla regions.
Artifacts of the culture also show some similarities to theYayoi people ofKyūshū, Japan.[21]
Archaeologically, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula is divided into "Violin-shaped daggers" (비파형동검; 琵琶形銅劍) and the southern part into “Slender daggers” (세형동검; 細形銅剣), but all of them are understood by modern scholars as data proving the southward movement of the Old Chosŏn. This is because it is a natural historical common sense for the civilized northerners of the Chinese continent to deliver to the southerners of the Korean Peninsula. Both "Violin-shaped daggers" and “Slender daggers” have been classified asLiaoning bronze dagger culture from a long time ago to today.[22]
Hypothesis that Old Chosŏn was a society with a‘bury alive with the dead culture’ was claimed by N.Korean academia. However, the S.Korean academic community opposes the ‘bury alive with the dead culture’ theory, and the S.Korean academic community claims it as a "cemeteries of generational communities or blood ties." However, it is pointed that there is a contradictory description occurring in the study ofsocial differentiation inBronze Age, in the S.Korean academic community.[23]Contrary to the claim that the displaced people ofOld Chosŏn foundedSilla, few northern relics have been identified in the southern part of the peninsula. On the other hand, in the northeastern Jin area, the "Jung-do archeological culture," which is determined as aYe-type culture, is being discovered.[24][25]
Jin was succeeded by theSamhan: Mahan, Jinhan and Byeonhan. Chinese historical text,Records of the Three Kingdoms says that Jinhan is the successor of the Jin state,[26] while theBook of the Later Han writes that Mahan, Jinhan and Byeonhan were all part of the former Jin state as well as 78 other tribes.[27]
The name of Jin continued to be used in the name of theJinhan confederacy and in the name "Byeonjin," an alternate term forByeonhan. In addition, for some time the leader ofMahan continued to call himself the "Jin king," asserting nominal overlordship over all of the Samhan tribes.
... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
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