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| Jiedushi | |||||||||||||||||||
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 Map of the 10 majorjiedushi of the Tang dynasty and their military strengthsc. 745, duringEmperor Xuanzong's reign | |||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 節度使 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 节度使 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "section planning representative(s)" | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese | tiết độ sứ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 절도사 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Old Turkic name | |||||||||||||||||||
| Old Turkic | tarduş | ||||||||||||||||||
Thejiedushi orjiedu was a regional military governor in imperial China. The title was established in theTang dynasty and abolished in theYuan dynasty. The post ofjiedushi has been translated as "military commissioner" or "governor", "legate", and "regional commander".[citation needed] Originally introduced in AD 711 to counter external threats, thejiedushi were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures, the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates.[1]
Powerfuljiedushi warlords eventually becamefanzhen rulers, able to override the power of the central government of Tang. An early example of this wasAn Lushan, who was appointedjiedushi of three regions, which he used to start theAn Lushan Rebellion that abruptly ended the golden age of the Tang dynasty. Even after the difficult suppression of that rebellion, somejiedushi such as theThree Fanzhen of Hebei were allowed to retain their powers due to the weakened state of the court. Thejiedushi were one of the primary factors which contributed to the political division of theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a period marked by continuous infighting among rival kingdoms, dynasties, and regional regimes established by thejiedushi.[2]
Hexi Jiedushi was created in 711 and headquartered inLiang Prefecture. It was lost to theTibetan Empire in 766. Wang Junchuo (王君㚟),Xiao Song,Niu Xianke,Geshu Han, and Cui Xiyi (崔希逸) werejiedushi of Hexi.
Longyou Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Shan Prefecture (Ledu,Qinghai). In 747, Geshu Han was appointedjiedushi of Longyou.
Shuofang Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Ling Prefecture (southwest ofLingwu,Ningxia). It controlledOrdos,Ningxia, and northShanxi. In 756 the jiedushi of Shuofang,Guo Ziyi, defeated the rebelShi Siming inHebei and recoveredChang'an andLuoyang from the rebels in 757. He was made Commandery Prince of Fenyang in 762 and retook Chang'an from the Tibetan Empire in 763. Shuofang was taken over by the warlord Han Zun (韓遵) in 887.
Youzhou Jiedushi, also known asFanyang Jiedushi, was created in 713. It assumed control ofLulong in 762 and controlled You, Ji, Ping, Tan, Gui, and Yan prefectures. Its territory lay primarily inTianjin north of theHai River and parts ofBeijing. It was headquartered in Ji county (southwest ofBeijing). An Lushan was promoted tojiedushi of Pinglu, Fanyang (in northHebei), and Hedong (centralShanxi) with an army of 150 000. He rebelled against the Tang dynasty in 755.Li Guangbi was promoted tojiedushi of Fanyang after recovering much territory from the rebels in Hebei, but he died soon after in 764.Li Huaixian, former general of An Lushan, deliveredShi Chaoyi's head to the Tang and surrendered in 763, becomingjiedushi of Youzhou and Lulong. Zhang Shougui (張守珪) was ajiedushi of Youzhou.Zhu Tao was ajiedushi of Lulong.
Jiannan Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Yi Prefecture (益州) (Chengdu). It was split into Jiannan Dongchuan Jiedushi and Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi in 757 and then merged again from 763 to 764, and then split again from 766 to 779. It controlled 25 prefectures in Chengdu and areas to its north and south inSichuan. East River controlled 12 prefectures fromJiange toLuzhou. It was headquartered in Zi Prefecture (梓州) (Santai,Sichuan). West River controlled the Chengdu area and surrounding prefectures.Wei Gao andXianyu Zhongtong werejiedushi of Jiannan.
Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Ying Prefecture (營州) (Chaoyang,Liaoning). It controlled Pinglu, Lulong and other prefectures inLiaoyang,Jinzhou,Liaoning, and northeast Hebei.
Hedong Jiedushi was created in 730 and headquartered inTaiyuan, controlling Shi, Lan, Fen, Xin, and Dai prefectures in central and north Shanxi. Liu Gongchuo (柳公綽) was ajiedushi of Hedong. In 883Li Keyong was appointedjiedushi of Hedong after recovering Chang'an fromHuang Chao. In 885 Li Keyong captured Chang'an and laid waste to it. He was defeated byZhu Wen in 902 and died in 908.Liu Zhiyuan was ajiedushi of Hedong.
Lingwu Jiedushi was created in 733 and headquartered in Huile (回樂) (southwest ofLingwu,Ningxia). It controlled Ling, Hui, and Yan prefectures.
Huainan West Circuit Jiedushi, also known as Huaixi Jiedushi, was created in 756 and lasted until 818. It was headquartered inYingchuan Prefecture (潁川郡) (Xuchang,Henan),Zhengzhou (inHenan),Shou Prefecture (Shou County,Anhui),An Prefecture (Anlu northwest ofWuhan,Hubei),Cai Prefecture (Runan County, southeastHenan) from 773 to 776, andBian Prefecture (Kaifeng,Henan) from 776 to 779. In 757Gao Shi was appointed jiedushi of Huainan.Li Zhongchen wasjiedushi until he was expelled by his nephewLi Xilie.Wu Yuanji andWang Bo werejiedushi of Huainan.
Jiangxi Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered inHong Prefecture (Nanchang,Jiangxi). It was renamed Zhennan Jiedushi in 865. It controlled Hong, Jiang, Xin, Yuan, Fu, Rao, Qian, and Ji prefectures, covering mostlyJiangxi.Li Gao was thejiedushi of Jiangxi during the Li Xilie rebellion.
Lingnan Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered inGuangzhou. It ended in 862 when its territory was split into West and East circuits. Lingnan West Circuit coveredGuangxi andnorthern Vietnam. It was headquartered in Yong Prefecture (邕州) (south ofNanning,Guangxi). Lingnan East Circuit coveredGuangdong and was headquartered in Guangzhou.
Hezhong Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Hedong (southwest ofYongji, Shanxi). It controlled Jin, Jiang, Ci, and Xi prefectures.
Jingli Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered inJingzhou (Jingzhou District, south centralHubei). It controlled 17 prefectures inJingzhou,Hubei,Changde, andHunan. It was annexed byZhu Wen in 905.
Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered inXiangzhou. Its territory encompassed areas ofSuizhou,Shiyan, Hubei,Nanyang, and Henan. In 763Liang Chongyi was appointedjiedushi of Shannan East Circuit. He committed suicide in 781.Yu Di was a jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit.
Zhenhai Army Jiedushi, also known asZhejiang West Circuit Jiedushi (浙江西道) was created in 758 and lay in parts ofJiangsu, Zhejiang,Anhui, and Jiangxi. It was headquartered in Sheng Prefecture (昇州) (Nanjing,Jiangsu) andSuzhou (Jiangsu). In 761 it moved toXuanzhou (Xuancheng, southeastAnhui), 787 toRunzhou (Zhenjiang,Jiangsu), and 808 toHangzhou (Zhejiang). Thejiedushi of Zhenhai Army,Du Shenquan, played a pivotal role in defeating the rebelPang Xun.Han Huang, anotherjiedushi of Zhenhai Army, was chief minister in 785.
Zhenwu Jiedushi was created in 758 and headquartered in the Chanyu Protectorate (northwest ofHoringer). It controlled the Chanyu Protectorate, Lin Prefecture (麟州), Sheng Prefecture (勝州), East Shouxiang city (東受降城), and held areas inShenmu (Shaanxi), andBaotou inInner Mongolia. It was merged into Shuofang Jiedushi in 764.Zhuye Chixin was ajiedushi of Zhenwu.
Binning Jiedushi existed from 759 until 885, when it was renamed Jingnan Army. It was headquartered inBin Prefecture (Shaanxi) and governedChangwu and parts of Gansu.
Shanguo Jiedushi was created in 759 and headquartered inShanzhou. It controlled Shan, Guo, and Hua prefectures. It was renamed Baoyi Army in 889.[3]
Fengxiang Jiedushi was created in 760 and includedFengxiang and Long Prefecture (隴州) (Long County, Shaanxi andHuating County, Gansu). It was headquartered in Fengxiang.Li Maozhen andZheng Zhu werejiedushi of Fengxiang.
Chengde Army Jiedushi was one of theThree Fanzhen of Hebei after the An Lushan Rebellion. From 762 it was headquartered in Heng Prefecture (恆州)/Zhen Prefecture (鎮州) (Zhengding,Hebei), and controlled Heng, Ji, Shen, Zhao, De, and Di prefectures. Its territory were primarily located inShijiazhuang,Zanhuang, and Hebei.Li Baochen, adopted son of An Lushan, was in charge of Heng Prefecture underAn Qingxu. He surrendered to Tang and retained control over central Hebei east of theTaihang Mountains.Li Weiyue requested succession of Chengde Army in 781 and was denied, so he rebelled, and was killed a year later by his subordinate generalWang Wujun.Han Lingkun,Wang Chengzong,Wang Tingcou werejiedushi of the Chengde Army.
Henan Jiedushi was revived in 762 and was sometimes known as the Biansong Jiedushi from then onward. It officially became the Biansong Jiedushi in 776 until 781 when it was renamed Xuanwu Army. The Biansong Jiedushi was headquartered in Bian Prefecture (Kaifeng), and governedShangqiu as well as east Henan. In 781 its seat was moved to Song Prefecture (宋州) (south ofShangqiu, east centralHenan). Biansong Jiedushi was the home territory ofZhu Wen.
Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 762 and headquartered inQingzhou,Shandong. It controlled 15 prefectures encompassing most of Shandong and parts of Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu.Li Zhengji became thejiedushi of Ziqing-Pinglu after the An Lushan Rebellion and worked together withTian Yue to curtail the imperial court's attempt to weaken local powers.
Weibo Jiedushi was created in 763 and headquartered in Wei Prefecture (northeast ofDaming County and southeast ofHandan, southHebei). It controlled Wei, Bo, Bei, Wei, Chan, and Xiang prefectures in Shandong, north Henan, and south Hebei. It was renamed Tianxiong Army in 904.Tian Chengsi,Tian Hongzheng,Tian Xu werejiedushi of Weibo.
Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi was created in 766 and headquartered in Xiang Prefecture (Anyang,Henan).
Jingyuan Jiedushi was created in 768 and lasted until 894 when it was renamed Zhangyi Army. Jingyuan's territory was located inJingchuan,Zhenyuan, Gansu, andNingxia. Its headquarter was inJing Prefecture (north ofJingchuan, northeastGansu. Surviving theBattle of Talas in 751,Duan Xiushi went on to become thejiedushi of Jingyuan until he was dismissed in 780 byYang Yan. He was killed during theJingyuan mutiny in 783 for denouncing the usurperZhu Ci. Jingyuan was annexed byLi Maozhen in 899.
Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi was created in 780 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture (梁州) (east ofHanzhong,Shaanxi). It was annexed byWang Jian in 902.
Heyang Sancheng Jiedushi was created in 781 and headquartered in Heyang (河陽) (south ofMengzhou). It controlledMengzhou andMengjin.
Yiwu Military Province was created in 782, headquartered atDingzhou in modernBaoding,Hebei.
Henghai Army Jiedushi was created in 785 and lasted until 829. It was headquartered inCangzhou (southeastHebei) and controlled Cang, Jing, De, and Di prefectures.
Xiasui Jiedushi was created in 787 and controlled Xia, Sui, Yin, and You prefectures inShenmu and south Ih Ju League,Inner Mongolia.
Wuning Jiedushi was created in 795 and headquartered inXuzhou.Shi Pu was ajiedushi of Wuning.Wang Shi was appointedjiedushi of Wuning in 862.
Caizhou Jiedushi controlled Cai, Shen, and Guang prefectures around 813. It was headquartered inRunan, southeast Henan.
Chenxu Jiedushi was in charge of Chen and Xu prefectures around 813. It was headquartered inXuchang.
Eyue Jiedushi was in charge of E, Mian, An, Huang, Qi, and Yue prefectures around 813. It was headquartered inJiangxia (Wuchang,Hubei).
Xiangyang Jiedushi controlled Xiang, Deng, Fu, Ying, Tang, Sui, Jun, and Fang prefectures in north Hubei and southwest Henan around 813. It was headquartered in Xiangyang.
Xusi Jiedushi controlled Xu, Su, and Hao prefectures around 813. It was headquartered inXuzhou.
Zhenghua Jiedushi controlled Zheng and Hua prefectures around 813. It was headquartered inBaima.
In 851 theGuiyi Army Jiedushi was created from territories reclaimed byZhang Yichao from the Tibetan Empire. It was situated eastXinjiang and Gansu, and was headquartered in Sha Prefecture (west ofDunhuang,Gansu).
Qingyuan Army Jiedushi was created in 949 and headquartered inQuanzhou. It controlledZhangzhou,Xiamen, and other areas inFujian.Liu Congxiao was madejiedushi of Qingyuan Army in 949 afterWang Yanzheng's fall.
In 951Bian Hao crushedChu and was promoted tojiedushi of Wu'an Army (inHunan).
Notablejiedushi: