| Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic | |
|---|---|
| לשניד דינןLišānîd d-Jānān | |
| Native to | Kurdistan |
| Region | Jerusalem, originally from Bijil in Iraq |
Native speakers | 20 (2004)[1] |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bjf |
| Glottolog | barz1241 |
| ELP | Central Jewish Neo-Aramaic |
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modernJewishAramaic language, often calledNeo-Aramaic orJudeo-Aramaic. It was originally spoken in three villages nearAkre inIraqi Kurdistan.[2] The native name of the language isLishanid Janan, which means 'our language', and is similar to names used by other Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects (Lishan Didan,Lishanid Noshan).[3][4][5][6][7][8]
It is nearly extinct, with only about 20 elderly speakers in 2004.[6]
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is classified as Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, and Aramaic language.[9]
The Jewish inhabitants of a wide area from northernIraq, easternTurkey and north westernIran, corresponding to the area ofKurdistan, mostly spoke various dialects of modernAramaic. The turmoil near the end ofWorld War I and resettlement inIsrael in 1951 (when eight families from Bijil moved to the new Jewish state) led to the decline of these traditional languages. This particular and distinct dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic was spoken in the villages of Bijil, Barzan and Shahe. It was known asBijili until recently.
The last native speaker of Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, died inJerusalem in 1998.[10] The remaining second-language speakers are all related and over 70 years of age, and most from Barzan. Other speakers are from Akre. Barzan and Akre are both located in Iraqi Kurdistan. The first language of these speakers is eitherHebrew orKurdish, and some also speakArabic or another Neo-Aramaic dialect. Thus, the language is effectively extinct.
Most of the speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic live in Jerusalem, Israel today.[6]
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is part of the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) speech-type. Many of the NENA languages are seriously endangered, like Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. Most of the NENA languages became endangered since most of the Aramaic speaking Jewry began to immigrate to Israel. This occurred mostly during the 1950s. Barzani Jewish-Neo Aramaic stands out from these languages because it began its endangerment in the early 1900s. This occurred in Kurdistan. The reason for the decline of the language was that most of the speakers were dispersed and integrated into communities that spoke other languages than Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. This dispersal occurred violently in many of the communities by outside forces.[6]
Most speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic now speak Israeli Hebrew or Arabic.[6]
Between the years of 1996 and 2000, three dialects of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic were discovered. They are called Barzan, Shahe, and Bejil. Bejil is extinct.[6]
It may be related toLishanid Noshan, which has clusters aroundArbil to the south east of Barzan. There may be some similarities between Barzani and the subdialect of Lishanid Noshan formerly spoken in the village of Dobe, 50 km north of Arbil. The Sandu dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic is quite similar to Barzani. However, studies suggest that it has more in common withLishana Deni. There is evidence that the language was also spoken in the nearby village of Nerim, but no speaker from that village remains.
Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic has been infused with words from the Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho. This occurred due to the close proximity of the speakers of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic and the dialect Zakho. This dialect is the most commonly spoken variant of Aramaic spoken in Jerusalem. This dialect is seen as more prestigious by the speakers and is most commonly understood.[6]
Hezy Mutzafi has recorded and translated two texts in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic.[6]