| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | |
|---|---|
| Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic, Jewish Aramaic, Talmudic[1] | |
| ארמיתĀrāmît | |
 Incantation bowl in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | |
| Region | Babylonia, modern day southern and some of centralIraq |
| Era | ca. 200–1200 CE |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Early form | |
| Babylonian Alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tmr |
| Glottolog | jewi1240 |
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic:ארמיתĀrāmît) was the form ofMiddle Aramaic employed by writers inLower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of theBabylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), theTargum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products ofBabylonian Jews. The most importantepigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions onincantation bowls.[2]
The language was closely related to Eastern Aramaic varieties such asMandaic. Its original pronunciation is uncertain and has to be reconstructed with the help of these kindred dialects and the reading tradition of theYemenite Jews,[3] and where available those of theIraqi,Syrian andEgyptian Jews.[citation needed] The value of theYemenite reading tradition has been challenged byMatthew Morgenstern.[4] Vocalized Aramaic texts with which Jews are familiar, from theTanakh and thesiddurim, are of limited usefulness for this purpose, as they are in different dialects.[5]
Talmudic Aramaic bears all the marks of being a specialist language of study and legal argumentation likeLaw French[citation needed] rather than a vernacular mother tongue,[citation needed] and continued in use for these purposes long afterJudeo-Arabic languages had become used in daily life. It has developed a battery of technical logic terms such astiyuvta "conclusive refutation" andtiqu "undecidable moot point", which are still used in Jewish legal writings, including those in other languages, and have influencedmodern Hebrew.[citation needed]
Like the otherJudeo-Aramaic languages, it was written in theHebrew alphabet.
| Independent personal pronouns[6] | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| אנא | First person, singular, common | |
| את | Second person, singular, common | |
| הוא / איהו | Third person, singular, masculine | |
| היא / איהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| אנן | First person, plural, common | אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)[7] |
| אתון | Second person, plural, masculine | אתון דשאליתו לי דיאילו It is you that I borrowed (Baba Mesia 97a) אתון דמיקרביתו לרב You, who are attached to Rav (Shabbat 37b) |
| אינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | אנן קשישי ואינו דרדקי We are old and they are young (bekarot 8b)[7] |
| אינהי | Third person, plural, feminine |
| Copulative pronouns[8] | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| נא | First person, singular, common | עדיפנא I am more worthy (Kiddushin 29b)[8] |
| ת | Second person, singular, common | עציבת You (common singular) are sad (Pesahim 3b)[8] |
| ניהו | Third person, singular, masculine | מי ידענא היכא ניהו Do I know where he is (Sanhedrin 39a)[9] הי ניהו which is it (Nid. 41b)[10] |
| ניהי | Third person, singular, feminine | |
| נן | First person, plural, common | זוטרינן we are young (Baba Qama 92b)[8] |
| תו(ן) | Second person, plural, masculine | חכימתו You (masculine plural) are wise (Gitin 56b)[8] |
| נינהו | Third person, plural, masculine | הני הילכתה נינהו These are laws from tradition (they) Mo'ed Qatan 3b[11] גזלני נינהו Robbers, they (Baba Batra 100a)[9] סהדי שקרי נינהו Lying witnesses, they (Baba Batra 92b)[9] |
| נינהי | Third person, plural, feminine | קדושה והבדלה חדה מילתא נינהי Qedusha and Havdalah are one thing, they are (Pesah 102b)[9] כולהי חדא ברכתא נינהי all one long blessing, they are (Pesah 103b)[9] |
| Genitive pronominal suffix[12] | Genitive pronominal suffix (Hebrew) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| ַ אי[12][13] | ִ י | First person, singular possessive.My | נַפְשַאי my person (jevamot 64b)[14] דוּכְתַּאי my position (ketuvot 77b)[14] |
| ִי ךְ[12][14] | ְ ךָ | Second person, singular, possessive.Your | פְּסוּקִיךְ your verse (chagiga 15)[14] |
| ָ ךְ[12][14] | ֵ ךְ | Second person, singular, possessive.Your | רַבָּךְ your teacher (pesachim 24)[14] שוּפְרָךְ your beauty (Bava Metzia 84a) אמר ליה {רבי יוחנן} חילך לאורייתא {כמה יפה כוחך לסבול עול תורה} אמר ליה{ריש לקיש} שופרך לנשי {יופיך ראוי לנשים} |
| ֵי הּ | וֹ | Third person, singular, masculine possessive.His | יְהֵא שְׁמֵיהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ May his great name shall be blessed(Kaddish Shalem, 8th century) |
| ָ הּ | ָ הּ | Third person, singular, feminine possessive.Her | אסירא לייחודי בגברא דלא דידָהּ She is forbidden to be together in the room alone with a man who is not her husband (Erubin 100b)[15] |
| ִי ן[12][14] | ֵ נוּ | First person, plural possessive.Our | אַרְעִין our land (shanhedrin 94)[14] |
| ַ יְכוּ[12][16] | ְ כֶם | Second person, plural, masculine possessive.Your | גַבְרַיְיכוּ Your men (Shabbat 140b)[16] |
| ַ יְיכִי[12][16] | ְ כֶן | Second person, plural, feminine possessive.Your | קַרְחַיְיכִי your baldness (pesachim 110)[16] פַּרְחַיְיכִי your crumbs (pesachim 110)[16] |
| ַ יְהוּ[12][16] | ָ ם | Third person, plural, masculine possessive.Their | מָנַיְיהוּ their clothes (Shabbat 133b) מִינַיְיהוּ(ן)[17] from the men |
| ַ יְהִי[12][16] | ָ ן | Third person, plural, feminine possessive.Their | עָלַיְיהִי(ן)[17] about the women |
| Suffix + אִית | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| אִיתֵיהּ | He is/exists[18][19] | |
| אִיתָהּ | She is/exists[18][19] | |
| אִיתְנָן | We are/exist[18] | |
| אִיתַנְכוּ | You (pl. m.) are/exist[18] | |
| אִיתַנְכִי | You (pl. f.) are/exist[18] | |
| אִיתַנְהוּ | They (m.) are/exist[18][19] | |
| אִיתַנְהִי | They (f.) are/exist[18][19] |
| Demonstrative pronoun (near/proximal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הַאי(י) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative.This (Hebrew:זֶה)[20] | מהַאי גִּיסָא ומהַאי גִּיסָא אַדַּעְתָּא דְדיקלא on the one side ... , on the other side with precise intention for האיי דיאנא this judge האיי קלא this voice |
| הָא | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative.This (Hebrew:זֹאת)[20] | הא מילתא this word/thing |
| הָ(א)נֵי | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative.These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[20] | הָנֵי מילי these words/things |
| הָנֵי | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative.These (Hebrew:אֵלֶּה, אֵלּוּ)[20] | הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (medial) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הַאי(י)+ךְ←הַאִיךְ | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative.That[20][21] | איתתיה דהאייך His wife of that (man) |
| הָא+ךְ←הָךְ | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative.That[20] | הך ארעא that land הך לשנא that language |
| הָ(א)נֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative.Those[20][21] | מן הָנַךְ טעמי Because of those reasons הָנַךְ אֲזַלוּ לְעָלְמָא והָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נינהו Those others have gone away, and these are others here |
| הָנֵי+ךְ←הָנַךְ | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative.Those[20] | הָנֵי אִין הָנַך לאָ (Chagiga 11b) (These yes, those not) |
| Demonstrative pronoun (remote/distal) | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| הָהוּ(א) | Third person, singular, masculine demonstrative.That (Hebrew:הוּא)[20] | הָהוּא גַבְרָא (Berachot 6b) (any man, anybody, that man) |
| הָהִי(א) | Third person, singular, feminine demonstrative.That (Hebrew:הִיא)[20] | הָהִיא אִתְּתָא דַאֲתָא לְקָמֵיהּ (nedarim 50b) (That woman, who came before him) |
| הָנְהוּ | Third person, plural, masculine demonstrative.Those (Hebrew:הֵם)[20][22] | |
| הָנְהִי | Third person, plural, feminine demonstrative.Those (Hebrew:הֵן)[20] |
| Accusative pronominal suffix[23] | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ַ ן ַ ני[24] | First person, singular, common | גַנְבַן (Nedarim 62) he stole me נַטְרַנִי he supervised me[25] נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ |
| ך[24] | Second person, singular, masculine | |
| יך | Second person, singular, feminine | |
| יה | Third person, feminine, singular | |
| ה | Third person, masculine, singular | |
| ה | Third person, masculine, singular | |
| ינן[24] | First person, plural, common | |
| ינכו | second person, plural, masculine | |
| נכי | second person, plural, feminine | |
| ינון / ינ(ה)ו[26] | Third person, plural, masculine | נֵיעָרְבִינְהוּ וְנִכְתְּבִינְהוּ (pessachim 13) he shall put them (the words) together and write them[27] |
| ינון / י(נ)הי[26] | Third person, plural, feminine | וּרְמִי אִינְהִי ← וּרְמִינְהִי (berachot 9) you shall opposite them (the two sentences)[28] |
There are six major verb stems or verbal patterns (binyanim) in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. The formpe‘al (פְּעַל) “to do”, the formAph'el (אַפְעֵל) “let do”, and the formPa'el (פַּעֵל) “like to do”, are all in the active voice. But the formItpe'el (אִתְפְּעֵל), the formItaph'al (אִתַפְעַל) and the formItpa'al (אִתְפַּעַל) are essentially reflexive and usually function in a passive sense.[29][30]
| Aramaic binyan | Hebrew binyan | Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation |
| פְּעַל Pe'al | קַל Qal/Pa'al | כְּתַב | כָּתַב | he wrote |
| אִתְפְּעֵל Itpe'el | נִפְעַל Niphal | אִתְכְּתֵיב | נִכְתַב | it was written |
| אַפְעֵל Aph'el | הִפְעִיל Hiph'il | אַפְקֵד | הִפְקִיד | he deposited |
| אִתַפְעַל Itaph'al | הֻפְעַל Huph‘al | אִתַפְקַד | הֻפְקַד | it was deposited |
| פַּעֵל Pa'el | פִּעֵל Pi'el | קַדֵּיש | קִדֵּש | he sanctifed |
| אִתְפַּעַל Itpa'al | הִתְפַּעֵל Hitpa'el | וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ | הִתְקַדֵּשׁ | it was sanctifed |
| Aramaic verb WROTE[31] | Hebrew verb parallel WROTE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא כְּתַבִית | אֲנִי כָּתַבְתִּי | ana k'tavit | ani katavti | I wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה כָּתַבְתָּ | att' k'tavt | atta katavta | you (m.) wrote |
| אַתְּ כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ כָּתַבְתְּ | att' k'tavt | att' katavt | you (f.) wrote |
| הוּא כְּתַב | הוּא כָּתַב | hu k'tav | hu katav | he wrote |
| הִיא כְּתַבָה | הִיא כָּתְבָה | hi k'tava | hi kat'va | she wrote |
| אֲנָן כְּתַבִינָן | אָנוּ כָּתַבְנוּ | anan k'tavinan | anu katavnu | we wrote |
| אַתּוּ כְּתַבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כְּתַבְתֶּם | attu k'tavitu | attem k'tavtem | you (m.pl.) wrote |
| אינון כְּתַבוּ | הם כָּתְּבוּ | innun k'tavu | hem katvu | they (m.) wrote |
| Aramaic verb CAME[32] | Hebrew verb parallel CAME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲתֵיתִי אֲנָא אֲתַאי | אֲנִי בָּאתִי | ana ateti/ana atai | ani bati | I came |
| אַתְּ אֲתֵית | אַתָּה בָּאתָ | at atet | ata bata | you (m.) came |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ בָּאת | at ? | at bat | you (f.) came |
| הוּא אֲתָא | הוּא בָּא | hu ata | hu ba | he came |
| הִיא אֲתָת הִיא אֲתַאי הִיא אתיא | הִיא בָּאָה | i atat/atai/atjia | hi ba'a | she came |
| אֲנָן אֲתַאן אֲנָן אֲתַן אֲנָן אֲתֵינַן | אָנוּ בָּאנוּ | anan atan/atenan | anu banu | we came |
| אַתּוּ אֲתֵיתוּ | אַתֶּם בָּאתֶם | atu atetu | atem batem | you (m.pl.) came |
| אינון אֲתוּ | הם בָּאוּ | innun atu | hem ba'u | they (m.) came |
| אינין אֲתַיָין אינין אֲתַאָן יאינין אתן | הן בָּאוּ | innin attajan | hen ba'u | they (f.) came |
The Aramaic verb has twoparticiples: an active participle withsuffix[33] and a passive participle withsuffix:[34]
| Aramaic active participle WRITE with suffix | Hebrew active participle WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| כָּתֵיב + אֲנָא ← כָּתֵיבְנָא | אֲנִי כּוֹתֵב | katevna←katev+ana | ani kotev | I write |
| כָּתֵיב + אַתְּ ← כָּתְבַתְּ | אַתָּה כּוֹתֵב | katvat← katev+ata | ata kotev | you write |
| כָּתְבִי + אֲנָן ← כָּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ כּוֹתְבִים | katvinan←katvi+anan | anu kotvim | we write |
| כָּתְבִי + אַתּוּ ← כָּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם כּוֹתְבִים | katvitu← katvi+atu | atem kotvim | you (pl.) write |
| Aramaic active participle COME with suffix[35] | Hebrew active participleCOME | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אֲנָא ← אָתֵינָא | אֲנִי בָּא | atena←ate+ana | ani ba | I come |
| אָתֵי / אָתְיָא + אַתְּ ← אָתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה בָּא | atet← ate+at | ata ba | You come |
| אָתוּ / אָתֵיָין + אֲנָן ← אָתִינָן | אָנוּ בָּאִים | atinan←atu+anan | anu ba'iim | we come |
| Aramaic passive participle with suffix BUSY | Hebrew passive participle BUSY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| עֲסִיק + אֲנָא ← עֲסִיקְנָא | אֲנִי עָסוּק | assiqna←assiq+ana | ani assuq | I am busy |
| עֲסִיק + אַתְּ ← עֲסִיקַתְּ | אַתָּה עָסוּק | assiqat← assiq+ata | ata assuq | you are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אֲנַן ← עֲסִיקִינַן | אָנוּ עֲסוּקִים | assiqinan←assiqi+anan | anu assuqim | we are busy |
| עֲסִיקִי + אַתּוּ ← עֲסִיקִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם עֲסוּקִים | assiqitu← assiqi+atu | atem assuqim | you (pl.) are busy |
| Aramaic infinitive /gerund TO COME | Hebrew infinitive /gerund | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| (לְ)מֵיתֵי / לְמֵיתָא | (לָ)בוֹא | Lemeta/meteyi | la'vo | TO COME |
| Aramaic verb WILL WRITE[36] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL WRITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶיכְתּוֹב | אֲנִי אֶכְתּוֹב | ana eikhtov | ani ekhtov | I will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתּוֹב | אַתָּה תִּכְתּוֹב | at tikhtov | ata tikhtov | You (m.sing.)will write |
| אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִין | אַתְּ תִּיכְתְּבִי | at tikhtevin | at tikhtevi | You (f.sing.) will write |
| הוּא לִיכְתּוֹב | הוּא יִכְתּוֹב | hu likhtov | hu yikhtov | He will write |
| הִיא תִּיכְתּוֹב | הִיא תִּכְתּוֹב | hi tikhtov | hi tikhtov | She will write |
| אֲנָן לִיכְתּוֹב | אָנוּ נִכְתּוֹב | anan likhtov | anu nikhtov | We will write |
| אַתּוּ תִּיכְתְּבוּן | אַתֶּם תִּיכְתְּבוּ | atu tikhtevu | atem tikhtevun | you (m.pl.) will write |
| אינון לִיכְתְּבוּן | הם יכְתְּבוּ | innun likhtevun | hem yikhtevu | they (m.pl.) will write |
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE WRITTEN[37] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיבִית | אֲנִי נִכְתַבְתִּי | ana itk'tevit | ani nikhtavti | I was written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתָּה נִכְתַבְתָּה | at itk'tavt | ata nikhtavta | you (m.s.) were written |
| אַתְּ אִי(תְ)כְּתַבְתְּ | אַתְּ נִכְתַבְתְּ | at itk'tavt | at nikhtavt | you (f.s.) were written |
| הוּא אִי(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא נִכְתַבְ | hu itk'tev | hu nikhtav | it (m.) was written |
| הִיא אִי(תְ)כַּתְבָה | הִיא נִכְתְּבָה | hi itkatva | hi nikhteva | it (f.) was written |
| אֲנָן אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִינָן | אָנוּ נִכְתַבְנוּ | anan itkatvinan | anu nikhtavnu | we were written |
| אַתּוּ אִי(תְ)כַּתְבִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִכְתַבְתֶּם | atu itkatvitu | atem nikhtavtem | you (m.pl.) were written |
| אינון אִי(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | הם נִכְתְּבוּ | innun itkatvu | hem nikhtevu | they (m.pl.) were written |
| Aramaic verb Will BE WRITTEN[38] | Hebrew verb parallel Will BE WRITTEN | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אֲנִי אֶכָּתֵיב | ana ekktev | ani ekkatev | I will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אַתָּה תִכָּתֵיב | at tikktev | ata tikkatev | you (m.s.) will be written |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבִין | אַתְּ תִכָּתֵיבִי | at tikkatevin | at tikkatevi | you (f.s.) will be written |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הוּא יִכָּתֵיב | hu likktev | hu yikkatev | it (m.) will be written |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | הִיא תִכָּתֵיב | hi tikktev | hi tikkatev | it (f.) will be written |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיב | אָנוּ נִכָּתֵיב | anan likktev | anu nikkatev | we will be written |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)כַּתְבוּ | אַתֶּם תִכָּתְבוּ | atu tikkat'vu | atem tikkatvu | you (m.pl.) will be written |
| אינון לִ(תְ)כְּתֵיבוּן | הם יִכָּתבוּ | innun likktevun | em ikkatvu | they (s.pl.) will be written |
| אינין לִ(תְ)כַּתְבָן | הן תִכָּתֵבְנָה | innin likkt'van | en tikkatevna | they (m.pl.) will be written |
|}
The verbal pattern (binyan)pa‘el arefrequentative verbs showing repeated or intense action.
The verbal patternpa'el isActiveFrequentative.
| Aramaic verb SANCTIFIED[39] | Hebrew verb parallel SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא קַדֵּישִית | אֲנִי קִדַּשְתִּי | ana qadeshit | ani qiddashti | I sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתָּה קִדַּשְתָּ | at qadesht | ata qiddashta | You (m.s.) sanctified |
| אַתְּ קַדֵּישְתְּ | אַתְּ קִדַּשְתְּ | at qadesht | at qiddasht | You (f.s.) sanctified |
| הוּא קַדֵּיש | הוּא קִדֵּש | hu qaddesh | hu qiddesh | he sanctified |
| הִיא קַדִּישָה | הִיא קִדְּשָה | hi qaddisha | hi qiddsha | she sanctified |
| אֲנָן קַדֵּישְנָן | אָנוּ קִדַּשְנוּ | anan qaddeshnan | anu qiddashnu | we sanctified |
| אַתּוּ קַדֵּישְתּוּ | אַתֶּם קִדַּשְתֶּם | atu qaddeshtu | atem qiddashtem | You (m.pl.) sanctified |
| אינון קַדִּישוּ | הם קִדְּשוּ | innun qaddishu | hem qiddshu | they (m.pl.) sanctified |
| Aramaic verb WILL SANCTIFY[40] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL SANCTIFY | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֲקַדֵּיש | אֲנִי אֲקַדֵּש | ana aqadesh | ani aqadesh | I will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדֵּיש | אַתָּה תְקַדֵּש | at teqadesh | ata teqadesh | You (m.s.) will sanctify |
| אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | אַתְּ תְקַדְּשִי | at teqadeshi | at teqadeshi | You (f.s.) will sanctify |
| הוּא יְקַדֵּיש | הוּא יְקַדֵּש | hu yeqadesh | hu yeqadesh | he will sanctify |
| הִיא תְקַדֵּיש | הִיא תְקַדֵּש | hi teqadesh | hi teqadesh | she will sanctify |
| אֲנָן לְקַדֵּיש | אָנוּ נְקַדֵּש | anan leqadesh | anu neqadesh | we will sanctify |
| אַתּוּ תְקַדְּשוּ | אַתֶּם תְקַדְּשוּ | atu teqadshu | atem teqadshu | You (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינון לְקַדְּשוּ | הם יְקַדְּשוּ | innun leqadshu | hem yeqadeshu | they (m.pl.) will sanctify |
| אינין לְקַדְּשָן | הן תְקַדֵּשְנָה | innin leqadshan | hen teqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will sanctify |
The verbal patternitpa'al isPassiveFrequentative.
| Aramaic verb WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED[41] | Hebrew verb parallel WAS/WERE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁית | אֲנִי נִתְקַדַּשְׁתִּי | ana yiqqadashit | ani nitqadashti | I was sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתָּה נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | at yiqqadasht | ata nitqqadasha | you (m.s.) were sanctified |
| אַתְּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשְׁתְּ | אַתְּ נִתְקַדַּשְׁתְּ | at yiqqadasht | at nitqadasht | you (f.s.) were sanctified |
| הוּא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא נִתְקַדַּשׁ | hu yiqqadash | hu nitqadash | it (m.) was sanctified |
| הִיא יִ(תְ)קַדַּשָׁה | הִיא נִתְקַדַּשָׁה | hi yiqqadasha | hi nitqadasha | it (f.) was sanctified |
| אֲנָן יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁינָן | אָנוּ נִתְקַדַּשׁנוּ | anu yiqqadashinan | anu nitqadashnu | we were sanctified |
| אַתּוּ יִ(תְ)קַדַּשִׁיתּוּ | אַתֶּם נִתְקַדַּשְׁתֶּם | atu yiqqadashitu | innu nitqadashtem | they (f.) were sanctified |
| אִינון יִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁוּ | הם נִתְקַדַּשׁוּ | innun yiqqadashitu | hem nitqadashu | they (m.) were sanctified |
| Aramaic verb WILL BE SANCTIFIED[42] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BE SANCTIFIED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אֶ(תְ)קַדֵּשׁ | אֲנִי אֶתְקַדַּשׁ | ana eqqadash | ani etqadesh | I will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אַתָּה תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | at tiqqadash | ata titqadesh | you (m.s.) will be sanctified |
| אַתְּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשִׁין | אַתְּ תִתְקַדְּשִׁי | at tiqqadshin | at titqadshi | you (f.s.) will be sanctified |
| הוּא לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הוּא יִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hu liqqadash | hu yitqadesh | it (m.) will be sanctified |
| הִיא תִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | הִיא תִתְקַדֵּשׁ | hi tiqqadash | hi titqadesh | it (f.) will be sanctified |
| אֲנָן לִ(תְ)קַדַּשׁ | אָנוּ נִתְקַדֵּשׁ | anan liqqadash | anu nitqadesh | we will be sanctified |
| אַתּוּ תִ(תְ)קַדְּשׁוּ | אַתֶּם תִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | atu tiqqadshu | atem titqadshu | you (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינון לִ(תְ)קַדְּשוּן | הם יִתְקַדְּשׁוּ | innun liqqadshun | hem yitqadshu | they (m.pl.) will be sanctified |
| אינין לִ(תְ)קַדְּשָׁן | הן תִתְקַדֵּשְׁנָה | innin liqqadshan | hen titqadeshna | they (f.pl.) will be sanctified |
The verbal patternaphel isActiveCausative.
| Aramaic verb DEPOSITED[43] | Hebrew verb parallel DEPOSITED | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵידִית | אֲנִי הִפְקַדְתִּי | ana afqedit | ani hifqaḏti | I deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתָּה הִפְקַדְתָּ | at afqedt | ata hifqaḏtta | you (m.s.) deposited |
| אַתְּ אַפְקֵידְתְּ | אַתְּ הִפְקַדְתְּ | at afqedt | at hifqaḏett | you (f.s.) deposited |
| הוּא אַפְקֵיד | הוּא הִפְקִיד | hu afqed | hu yifqid | he deposited |
| הִיא אַפְקִידָה | הִיא הִפְקִידָה | hi afqidah | hi yifqidah | she deposited |
| אֲנָן אַפְקְדִינָן | אָנוּ הִפְקַדְנוּ | anan afqedinan | anu hifqadnu | we deposited |
| אַתּוּ אַפְקְדִיתּוּ | אַתֶּם הִפְקַדְתֶּם | atu afqeditu | atem hifqaḏtem | you (m.pl.) deposited |
| אינון אַפְקִידוּ | הם הִפְקִידוּ | innun aphqidu | hem hifqidu | they (m.pl.) deposited |
| Aramaic verb BROUGHT[44] | Hebrew verb parallel BROUGHT | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵית | אֲנִי הֵבֵאתִי | ana ajtet | ani heveti | I brought |
| אַתְּ אַיְיתֵיית | אַתָּה הֵבֵאתָ | at aytet | ata heveta | you (m.s.) brought |
| הוּא אַיְיתִי | הוּא הֵבִיא | hu ayti | hu hevi | he brought |
| הִיא אַיְיתָא הִיא אַתָיְא הִיא אַתָאי | הִיא הֵבִיאָה | hi ayta | hi heviya | she brought |
| אֲנָן אַיְיתֵינָא | אָנוּ הֵבֵאנוּ | anan aytena | anu hevenu | we brought |
| אינון אַיְיתוּ | הם הֵבִיאוּ | innun aytu | em hevi'u | they (m.pl.) brought |
| Aramaic active participle BRING with suffix[45] | Hebrew active participle BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אֲנָא ← מַיְיתֵינָא | אֲנִי מֵבִיא | maitena ←maite+ana | ani mevi | I bring |
| מַיְיתֵי / מַתְיָא + אַתְּ ← מַיְיתֵיתְּ | אַתָּה מֵבִיא | maitet← maite+at | ata mevi | you bring |
| מַיְיתוּ / מַיְתָן + אֲנָן ← מַיְיתִינָן | אָנוּ מֵבִיאִים | maitinan←atu+maitu | anu mev'iim | we bring |
| Aramaic verb WILL DEPOSITE[46] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL DEPOSITE | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַפְקֵד | אֲנִי אַפְקִיד | ana afqed | ani afqid | I will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקֵד | אַתָּה תַפְקִיד | at tafqed | ata tafqid | you (m.) will deposite |
| אַתְּ תַפְקְדִי | אַתְּ תַפְקִידִי | at tafqedi | at tafqidi | you (f.) will deposite |
| הוּא לַפְקֵד | הוּא יַפְקִיד | hu lafqed | hu yahqid | he will deposite |
| הִיא תַפְקֵד | הִיא תַפְקִיד | hi tafqed | hi tafqid | she will deposite |
| אֲנָן לַפְקֵד | אָנוּ נַפְקִיד | anan lafqed | anu nafqid | we will deposite |
| אַתּוּ תַפְקְדוּ | אַתֶּם תַפְקִידוּ | atu tafqedu | atem tafqidu | you (m.pl.) will deposite |
| אינון לַפְקְדוּ | הם יַפְקִידוּ | innun lafqedu | hem yafqidu | they (m.) will deposite |
| Aramaic verb WILL BRING[47] | Hebrew verb parallel WILL BRING | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| אֲנָא אַיְיתֵי | אֲנִי אָבִיא | ana ayite | ani avi | I will bring |
| אַתְּ תַיְיתֵי | אַתָּה תָּבִיא | at tayite | ata tavi | you (m.) will bring |
| אַתְּ ? | אַתְּ תָּבִיאי | at ? | at tavi'i | you (f.) will bring |
| הוּא לַיְיתֵי | הוּא יָבִיא | hu layite | hu yavi | he will bring |
| הִיא תַיְיתֵי | הִיא תָּבִיא | hi tayite | hi tavi | she will bring |
| אֲנָן לַיְיתֵי | אָנוּ נָבִיא | anan layite | anu navi | we will bring |
| אַתּוּ תַיְתוּ | אַתֶּם תָּבִיאוּ | atu tayitu | atem tavi'u | you (m.pl.) will bring |
| אינון לַיְתוּ | הם יָבִיאוּ | innun layitu | em yavi'u | they (m.) will bring |
The verbal patternitaphal isPassiveCausative.
| Aramaic verb was refuted/were refuted[48] | Hebrew verb parallel was refuted/were refuted | Romanization of Aramaic | Romanization of Hebrew | English translation |
| הוּא אִיתּוֹתַב | הוּא הוּשַׁב | hu ittothav | hu hushav | it (m.s.) was refuted |
| אינון אִיתּוֹתְבוּ | הם הוּשְׁבוּ | innun ittotvu | hem hushvu | they (m.pl.) were refuted |
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| מַלְכָּא (malk-a)[50] | המֶלֶךְ (ha-melekh)[50] | the king[50] |
| עָלְמָא (ʿalm-a)[50] | העוֹלָם (ha-ʿolam)[50] | the world[50] |
| מְדִינְתָא (meḏin-ta)[50] | המְדִינָה (ha-medina)[51] | the state[51] |
| מְנָא הָאמִילְּתָא דְּאָמְרִי אֱנָשֵׁי (mil-tha)[52] | מִנַּיִיןמִלָּה זֹאת שֶׁאוֹמְרִים אֲנָשִׁים (ha-mila) | the word/thing[50] |
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| מַלְכֵי (malkheji)/מַלְכַיָּא (malkh-aya)[53] are often used not only in the construct state but even in the absolute and emphatic states. Thus, in Babylonian Aramaic, the formמַלְכֵי may mean eitherthe kings of orkings orthe kings"[50] | המְלָכִים (ha-melakhim)[50] | the kings[54] |
| עָלְמֵי (ʿalmeyi)/עָלְמַיָּא (ʿalm-ayia)[50] | העוֹלָמים (ha-olamim)[50] | the worlds[50] |
| מְנָא הָנֵימִילֵּי (mil-eyi)[55] | מִנַּיִיןהמִילִּים האֵלֶּה (ha-milim) | the words/things |
| Aramaic verb | Hebrew verb parallel | English translation |
| בע'[56] | רָצָה | ask, request, want and require |
| חז'[57] | רָאָה | see |
| עבד[58] | עָשָׂה | do/make |
| פלג[59] | חלק | divide |
| צרך[60] | צריך | necessity |
| את'[61] | בָּא | come |
| תנ'[62] | שנה | teach, learn, state, recite and repeat |
| תוב[63] | שוב | return |
| נפק[64] | יָצָא | go out |
| נחת[65] | יָרַד | go down |
| סלק[66] | עָלָה | go up |
| ילף[67] | למד | learn, teach |
| יתב[68] | יָשַׁב | to sit |
| זבן[69] | קָנָה/מָכַר | to buy/sell |
| הדר[70] | חָזַר | to return |
| סלק[71] | הוֹרִיד, הֵסִיר | to remove |
| גלי[72] | גִּלָּה | to reveal |
| אסי[73] | רִפֵּא | to heal, cure |
| הוי[74] | הָיָה | he was |
| קום / קָאֵם[75] | הִתְקַיֵּם/עומד | to stand |
| עלל[76] | בָּא אֶל | to enter |
| Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example | Hebrew parallel | English translation of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic example |
|---|---|---|
| קָאֵים (qa'em)[77] | – | "rising, standing, referring to"[78] |
| קָאֵים –קָא (qa)[79] | – | –[80] |
| מַאיקָא מַשְׁמַע לַן (mai qa mashma lan)[81] | מָה מַשְׁמִיעַ לָנּוּ (ma mashma lanu) | "What new point is he teaching us "[82] |
| מַאיקָאָמַר (mai qa'amar)[83] | מָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (ma hu omer) | "What does he mean "[84] |
| תָּנוּ רַבָּנָן (tanu rabanan)[85] | שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים (shanu khakhamim) | "the rabbis taught"[86] |
| מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי (mena hane mileji)[87] | מִנַּיִין המִילִּים האֵלֶּה (minajin ha-milim ha-ele) | "What is the source"[88] |
The language has received considerable scholarly attention, as shown in the bibliography below. However, the majority of those who are familiar with it, namelyOrthodox Jewish students of Talmud, are given no systematic instruction in the language, and are expected to "sink or swim" in the course of their Talmudic studies, with the help of some informal pointers showing similarities and differences with Hebrew.[89]
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