Jerzy Żuławski
Born	Jerzy Żuławski (1874-07-14)14 July 1874 Lipowiec,Galicia,Austria-Hungary
Died	9 August 1915(1915-08-09) (aged 41) Dębica,Galicia,Austria-Hungary
Education	University of Bern
Occupations	writer, philosopher, translator
Notable work	The Lunar Trilogy (1903-1911) Laus feminae (1914-1916)
Awards	Cross of Independence

Jerzy Żuławski (Polish:[ˈjɛʐɨʐuˈwafski]; 14 July 1874 – 9 August 1915) was a Polish literary figure, philosopher, translator,alpinist and patriot whose best-known work is thescience-fiction epic,Trylogia Księżycowa (The Lunar Trilogy), written between 1901 and 1911.

In a twenty-year writing career, from his first book of poems in 1895, at the age of 21, to his final World War I dispatches in 1915, Jerzy Żuławski created an impressive body of work—seven volumes of poetry, three collections of literary criticism, numerous cultural and philosophical essays, ten plays and five novels. He was considered an important and influential intellectual figure in the early years of the 20th century, but a century later, the only creation which has remained in print and assured him literary immortality isThe Lunar Trilogy.Stanisław Lem (1921–2006), renowned as the "most widely read science-fiction writer in the world",^[1] contributed an introduction to the 1956 and 1975 editions of theTrilogy's initial volume,Na Srebrnym Globie (On the Silver Globe), crediting Żuławski's words with inspiring him to become "a writer of the fantastic" and describing the time he spent readingThe Lunar Trilogy as "one of the most fascinating and life-changing experiences" of his youth.

Jerzy Żuławski was born into a strongly patriotic Polish household in the village of Lipowiec, nearRzeszów, a major city in the region ofGalicia. In 1772, Galicia, with its capitalLwów, was separated from Poland in theFirst Partition and, for the next 146 years, became part of the AustrianHabsburg Empire. Eleven years before Jerzy's birth, his father Kazimerz Żuławski, a country squire, had participated in the 1863January Uprising againstCzarist rule in theRussian portion of partitioned Poland. Kazimierz had a great influence on young Jerzy's life and Jerzy shared many of the views his father expressed.^[2]

Educated at good schools inLimanowa,Bochnia andKraków, Żuławski was in Switzerland from 1892 to 1899, where he studied first at theUniversity of Zürich and then pursued his doctorate of philosophy at theUniversity of Bern under the guidance of the eminentpositivistRichard Avenarius (1843–1896), who died before the completion of Żuławski's dissertation onSpinoza,Das Problem der Kausalität bei Spinoza, which was published inBern in 1899. Żuławski subsequently revised and expanded hisGerman-language text into a 1902 Polish popular-philosophy book,Bededykt Spinoza, Człowiek i Dzieło (Benedict Spinoza, Man and Achievement). He also wrote about, and provided the first Polish translations of some of the works ofNietzsche,Schopenhauer andEduard von Hartmann as well as the originalHebrewOld Testament andTalmud and the writings of a number ofEastern philosophers.

The earliest publication bearing Jerzy Żuławski's name was also written in Bern. Dispatched to a Kraków publishing concern, the slim collection entitledNa strunach duszy (On the Strings of the Soul) was offered to the public in 1895. While a volume of Polish-language poetry in German-speaking Bern did not make much of an impact, the young author did receive moderate praise from the few Polish press organs that reviewed it. A decade later, at the height of Żuławski's brief fame, it came to be viewed as an experimental work, not truly representative of his real ability. He returned to Poland in spring 1899 to co-edit the literary magazineKrytyka (Critique) and initially became a schoolteacher inJasło and, following his marriage, in Kraków. A number of his essays were published in another literary publication, the Kraków-basedŻycie (Life).

Żuławski's studies shaped the construct of his philosophical world view, which he referred to assyntetyczny monizm ("syntheticmonism"). He planned to use the method to conceptually solve the dilemmas facing the early-20th century generation of intellectuals known as Młoda Polska (Young Poland). An advocate of metaphysics and the idea of putting art in its service, he tried to give a tangible shape to the slogan "naga dusza" ("naked soul") and the theory of the symbol as an expression of theAbsolute. Along with other contemporary theorists, he was concerned with the problems of the development and future of culture, the responsibility of intellectual leadership within the circumstances of creativity and the role of the individual in the life of society. The central thesis of synthetic monism revolved around the idea ofBeing as an entity simultaneously spiritual and material, the Absolute and theProcess.

By the end of 1901, Żuławski had largely abandoned teaching and devoted himself entirely to traveling and writing, including the completion of the first volume of hismagnum opus about a tragically ill-fated Moon expedition,On the Silver Globe, which has as its final words, "Pisałem w Krakowie, w zimie 1901–2" ("I wrote in Kraków in the winter of 1901–2"). Following common practice of the period, the novel was written in installments, each of which was published, upon completion, in the literary journalGłos Narodu (The Voice of the Nation) between December 1901 and April 1902 and subsequently appeared in re-edited form as a 1903 book in Lwów.

For the next five years it was a stand-alone work, but between autumn 1908 and spring 1909, installments of a sequel entitledZwycięzca (The Conqueror) appeared in the pages ofKurier Warszawski (Warsaw Courier). Continuing the story generations and centuries later on the Moon, it was a longer, more complex and more philosophical work thanOn the Silver Globe. Its publication in re-edited book form came in 1910. 1910 also saw the first installments of the final volume,Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth). It was an immediate continuation ofThe Conqueror, following two of the diminutive human denizens of the Moon who use the spaceship of the previous volume'sprotagonist, the already-martyred Marek the Conqueror, to return to the planet of their ancestors.Głos Narodu, the same journal which serializedOn the Silver Globe, now completed the trilogy by continuing the installments to their conclusion in spring 1911, with a re-edited book version coming out later that year.

The first edition of the complete three-volume set was first published in Lwów in 1912. Beginning shortly thereafter and continuing over the following decades,The Lunar Trilogy was widely read in virtually every European language, with one notable exception—it had not been translated into English at the time of its initial publication (it would only be translated in 2020).^[3]

In 1907, Żuławski married for the second time and, in his few remaining years, became the father of three sons,Marek (1908–1985),Juliusz (1910–1999) andWawrzyniec (1916–1957).

Starting in 1901, and as time permitted, Żuławski had lived on and off in his favorite location,Zakopane, Poland's best-known mountaineering town. By 1910, he had finally bought a large house there and settled with his growing family. He became the co-editor of the local literary journal,Zakopane, and welcomed many notable writers and friends, such asKazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer,Jan Kasprowicz andLeopold Staff, who paid regular visits. A dedicated traveler and sportsman, he climbed many of Europe's mountains and visited much of the continent in between his writing. His poems appeared frequently in Polish literary magazines, such asŻycie(Life),Młodość(Youth),Krytyka (Critique),Strumień (Stream),Chimera (Chimera e.g.Idle Fancy) andSłowo Polskie (The Polish Word) and he continued to produce short stories, essays, translations and other works for the next four years.

In the first days of August 1914, as the three entities of partitioned Poland—Russia, Germany andAustro-Hungary were entering the First World War, Jerzy Żuławski made the only decision he felt reflected his principles and joinedPiłsudski's Legions to fight for the cause of regaining Polish independence. He wrote home regularly from the front and, due to his high literary repute, was given a major position on the Legion's journalistic staff inŁódź, where he edited and wrote for their newspaperDo Broni (To Arms). At the end of 1914 he was assigned to Naczelny Komitet Narodowy (Supreme [Polish] National Committee) inVienna and, in April 1915, was moved toPiotrków where he served at theLegion Headquarters as a liaison to theFirst Brigade command. During a visit to the front in early August, he contractedtyphus and, after a few days' illness, died at a field hospital inDębica. He was 41 years old. His third son, Wawrzyniec, was born six months later, on 14 February 1916.

Marek, whose birth coincided with his father's starting work onThe Conqueror, became the namesake of the epic tale's tragic hero.

Jerzy's widow,Kazimiera Żuławska, subsequently resettled with their sons inWarsaw, where they remained into theSecond World War.Due to Jerzy's early death, the boys did not have the opportunity to gain their father's experience first-hand, but all three inherited his dedication to alpinism, spending much of their time participating in mountaineering expeditions. The three brothers also gained renown in the arts—Marek as a painter, Juliusz,emulating his father, as a poet, novelist and translator of poetry, and Wawrzyniec as a composer.Kazimiera and son Wawrzyniec were particularly helpful to thePolish Resistance and shelteredJews in their apartment, an act which would have resulted in death at the hands of theGerman occupiers if they were caught. As a result, both were listed asRighteous Among the Nations^[4] after the war. Wawrzyniec who, in his widely praised musical career, was known by his full name,Wawrzyniec Jerzy Żuławski was also a dedicated mountain rescue specialist. He was 41, the same age as his father, when he died in the midst of a 1957 iceavalanche in theAlps, while participating in a rescue mission.

Filmmaker and authorAndrzej Żuławski, the grandson of Jerzy Żuławski's brother, sought artistic freedom from the continuous censorship of Poland'sCommunist government by exiling himself to France in 1972, where he achieved success and critical acclaim for his 1975 filmL'important c'est d'aimer (The Important Thing Is to Love). Such fame accruing to a Polish artist caused the powers in charge of Poland's cultural affairs to re-evaluate their assessment of Żuławski, and the director was invited to return as the creator of a project of his own choosing.

Andrzej Żuławski had always wanted to film his granduncle's masterwork and saw the offer as a unique opportunity to achieve that aim. Anauteur, whom a number of critics have described as a self-destructive genius, he devoted over two years to the task of adapting the first two volumes to the screen (he judgedThe Old Earth which, except for the first chapter, takes place entirely on our own planet, to be outside the scope of this already-overlong undertaking). Between 1975 and 1977, he wrote the screenplay and lensed the film on various locations around Poland, as well asCrimea, theCaucasus Mountains and even theGobi Desert.

In spring 1977, however, the project came to a sudden halt with the appointment of thehardlineideologueJanusz Wilhelmi as the Vice-Minister of Culture. Perceiving the Selenites' battle against the Szerns as a thinly veiled allegory of the Polish people's struggle with totalitarianism, Wilhelmi shut down the filming, which was 80% complete and ordered all materials destroyed. Andrzej Żuławski, who wrote that he was in despair over the loss and waste of so much artistic effort, went back to France, but the reels of unfinished film, instead of being destroyed, were preserved, along with costumes and props, by the Polish film studio and archives and by members of the film's cast and crew. Wilhelmi died a few months later, in a March 1978 plane crash, but a passage of another eight years was required, asglasnost andperestroika began to thaw theCold War-dominatedEastern Europe, for Żuławski to be able to return again to Poland and edit the still-unfinished remnants into a 166-minute rough approximation of what the finished film might have been. Adopting the title of the trilogy's first volume,On the Silver Globe premiered at theCannes Film Festival in May 1988, with some critics proclaiming it a ruined masterpiece.

Żuławski's poetry is primarily confined to the 1895–1904 period. In subsequent years his occasional poems found their way into the many literary journals that he edited, and were gathered, along with some essays and other pieces, in a posthumous collection of miscellanea published in the early 1920s. One of his most famous poems was transformed into a song, which was still sung during the Second World War by Polish fighters.Do moich synów (To My Sons) was written during his brief 1914 wartime service in Vienna and put to music by Stanisław Ekiert.

• 1895 -Na strunach duszy (On the Strings of the Soul)
• 1897 -Intermezzo
• 1897 -Stance o pieśni (Songs for Stanca)
• 1900 -Poezje II (Poetry II)
• 1902 -Z domu niewoli (From the House of Enslavement)
• 1904 -Pokłosie (Ears of Grain)

Between 1904 and 1907, the main focus of Żuławski's creative energies was directed towards writing plays. His initial dramas were patriotic reminders of Poland's struggle for independence, but subsequently he began to undertake themes of psychological insight and the emancipation of youth. The most successful of the plays, the dreamlikeEros and Psyche understood the spirit of the age in giving expression to the audience's innermost thoughts through the symbolic vehicles of myth, legend and fantasy. The occasional historical costume dramas also tended to emphasize poetic expression and blank verse over harsh reality. Żuławski's theatrical endeavors were viewed with suspicion by many critics who called them controversial and unconventional, but most were widely popular with audiences, especially when exhibited by such renowned masters of stagecraft asTadeusz Pawlikowski and performed by top stars, such asIrena Solska.

• 1903 -Dyktator (The Dictator) [written to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the 1863January Uprising]
• 1903 -Wianek mirtowy (A Myrtle Wreath)
• 1904 -Eros i Psyche (Eros and Psyche), later adapted aslibretto forLudomir Rozycki's opera of the same title
• 1905 -Ijola (Iolanthe)
• 1906 -Donna Aluica
• 1906 -Koniec Mesjasza (The End of the Messiah) [which explores some of thephilosophical andmetaphysical themes later raised inThe Conqueror—the inability to offer salvation and the limits of martyrdom]
• 1906 -Gra (The Game)
• 1909 -Za cenę łez (For the Price of Tears)
• 1911 -Gród Słońca (The Castle City of the Sun)

Żuławski's most renowned work is, undoubtedly,The Lunar Trilogy, which was first published as a complete set in book form in Lwów in 1912. While, on the surface, it is a work of vibrant and exciting science fiction, deeper down, it functions as a philosophical tract. Profoundly influenced by Spinoza, von Hartmann, Avenarius and others, filtered through Żuławski's own unique vision, the trilogy offers an essentially pessimistic dissection of human character, our creation of religious myths and our unattainable desire for utopian salvation. Anchored on the persistence of theChristian concept of theSavior, the work's complex and multi-layered elements provide bitter irony in its regressive portrayal of human society and civilization.

Jerzy Żuławski wrote numerous short stories, but his only other novels are two volumes of another projected trilogy,Laus Feminae (the title is aLatin expression,Praise to Women). Again following established practice, as in the case ofThe Lunar Trilogy, each volume was published in journal installments between 1912 and 1913 and then in book form in 1913 and 1914, on the eve of World War I. Meant to be a dissection of contemporary society, this work had the potential of becoming another acclaimed epic, but fell victim to the times and circumstances in which it appeared, failing in its quest for the proper opportunity to find an audience. Never republished or translated into other languages, it has languished in obscurity for nearly a century and, as in the case of some of Żuławski's plays, may be due for a reappraisal.

Due to the volume of his contributions to magazines and newspapers, Żuławski built up a large number of lesser-known texts which, in addition to short stories and poems, include critical essays and discussions of philosophy. Some of those were collected and published well after his death, in the 1920s and 30s and many others remain scattered and unknown. Additionally, Żuławski was held in high regard as a multi-lingual literary translator, especially of poetry, rendering into Polish the poems ofNietzsche,Richepin and many selections from the originalHebrew texts of theOld Testament.

In 2008, theJerzy Żuławski Award for best science fiction work in Poland, was established.^[5]

• List of Poles

• Cross, Tim (1988).The Lost Voices of World War I. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 0-7475-4276-7

• The Origins of Polish Sci-Fi & The Legacy of Jerzy Żuławski, feature article on Culture.pl including photos from the Żuławski family's private archives
• Portrait of Jerzy Żuławski byStanisław Wyspiański (1869–1907), which originally appeared inWspółczesna literatura polska 1880-1904 (Contemporary Polish Literature 1880-1904) by Wilhelm Feldman (1905).
• A literary-biographical overview of Jerzy Żuławski from the Virtual Library of Polish Literature
• Works by or about Jerzy Żuławski at theInternet Archive
• Works by Jerzy Żuławski atLibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Science Fiction Studies (March 1985) includes a three-sentence abstract from Stanislaw Lem's introduction toOn the Silver Globe
• Dargis, Manohla."Movies: About Na Srebrnym Globie".New York Times. Retrieved2008-08-08.
• Fright Site review ofOn the Silver GlobeArchived 2012-08-24 at theWayback Machine
• A small reproduction of the Wyspiański portrait of Jerzy Żuławski accompanied by an incomplete Polish-language text of the 1956 edition ofOn the Silver Globe (based on the 1979 edition, the online text is missing the last 88 pages of the first section)
• Jerzy Zulawski atIMDb

• 1874 births
• 1915 deaths
• People from Rzeszów
• People from Zakopane
• Polish legionnaires (World War I)
• Polish science fiction writers
• 19th-century Polish novelists
• 20th-century Polish novelists
• Polish male novelists
• 19th-century Polish poets
• 19th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
• Polish male dramatists and playwrights
• World War I poets
• Polish male poets
• 19th-century Polish male writers
• 20th-century Polish poets
• 20th-century Polish male writers
• 20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
• Polish military personnel killed in action
• Deaths from typhus

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