Jerome, Arizona | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Cleopatra Hill and the "J", viewed from Jerome Avenue (State Route 89A) | |
 Flag | |
 Location of Jerome in Yavapai County, Arizona | |
  Jerome Location in Arizona Show map of Arizona Jerome Jerome (the United States) Show map of the United States | |
| Coordinates:34°44′56″N112°06′30″W / 34.74889°N 112.10833°W /34.74889; -112.10833[1] | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Arizona |
| County | Yavapai |
| Incorporated | 1899 |
| Area | |
• Total | 0.79 sq mi (2.04 km2) |
| • Land | 0.79 sq mi (2.04 km2) |
| • Water | 0 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 4,600 ft (1,400 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 464 |
| • Density | 590/sq mi (227.9/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| ZIP Code[3] | 86331 |
| Area code | 928 |
| FIPS code[4] | 04-36290 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2412804[1] |
| Website | Town of Jerome |
Jerome is a town in theBlack Hills ofYavapai County in theU.S. state ofArizona. Founded in the late 19th century on Cleopatra Hill overlooking theVerde Valley, Jerome is approximately 100 miles (160 km) north ofPhoenix alongState Route 89A betweenSedona andPrescott. Supported in its heyday by richcopper mines, it was home to more than 10,000 people in the 1920s. As of the2020 census, its population was 464.
The town owes its existence mainly to twoore bodies that formed about 1.75 billion years ago along aring fault in thecaldera of an undersea volcano.Tectonic plate movements, plate collisions,uplift, deposition, erosion, and other geologic processes eventually exposed the tip of one of the ore bodies and pushed the other close to the surface, both near Jerome. In the late 19th century, theUnited Verde Mine, developed byWilliam A. Clark, extracted ore bearing copper, gold, silver, and other metals from the larger of the two. The United Verde ExtensionUVX Mine, owned byJames Douglas Jr., depended on the other huge deposit. In total, the copper deposits discovered in Jerome's vicinity were among the richest ever found.
Jerome made news in 1917 when labor unrest involving theIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW) led to the expulsion at gunpoint of about 60 IWW members, who were loaded on a cattle car and shipped west. Production at the mines, always subject to fluctuations, boomed duringWorld War I, fell thereafter, rose again, then fell again during and after theGreat Depression. As the ore deposits ran out, the mines closed for good in 1953, and the population dwindled to fewer than 100. Efforts to save the town from oblivion succeeded when residents turned to tourism and retail sales. Jerome became aNational Historic Landmark in 1967. By the early 21st century, it had art galleries, coffeehouses, restaurants, a state park, and a local museum devoted to mining history.
Jerome is about 100 miles (160 km) north ofPhoenix and 45 miles (72 km) southwest ofFlagstaff alongArizona State Route 89A betweenSedona to the east andPrescott to the west.[5] The town is in Arizona'sBlack Hills, which trend north–south. The town lies within thePrescott National Forest[6] at an elevation of more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[1]Woodchute Wilderness is about 3 miles (5 km) west of Jerome,[6] andMingus Mountain, at 7,726 feet (2,355 m) above sea level,[7] is about 4 miles (6 km) south of town.[6]Jerome State Historic Park is in the town itself. Bitter Creek, a tributary of theVerde River, flows intermittently through Jerome.[8] East of Jerome at the base of the hills are theVerde Valley and the communities ofClarkdale andCottonwood,[6] site of the nearest airport.[9]
Most of Cleopatra Hill, the rock formation upon which Jerome was built, is 1.75 billion years old.[10] Created by a massivecaldera eruption inPrecambrian[10]—elsewhere more narrowly identified asProterozoic[11]—seas south of what later became northern Arizona, the Cleopatratuff was then part of a smalltectonic plate that was moving toward the proto-North American continent.[10] After the eruption, cold sea water entered Earth's crust through cracks caused by the eruption. Heated by risingmagma to 660 °F (350 °C) or more, the water was forced upward again, chemically altering the rocks it encountered and becoming rich in dissolved minerals. When the hot solution emerged from ahydrothermal vent at the bottom of the ocean, its dissolved minerals solidified and fell to the sea floor. The accumulatingsulfide deposits from two such vents formed theore bodies, the United Verde and the UVX, most important to Jerome 1.75 billion years later.[10]
These ore bodies formed in different places along aring fault in the caldera. About 50 million years after they were deposited, the tectonic plate of which they were a part collided with another small plate and then with the proto-North American continent. The collisions, which welded the plates to the continent, folded the Cleopatra tuff in such a way that the two ore bodies ended up on opposite sides of a fold called the Jeromeanticline.[10]
No record exists for the next 1.2 billion years of Jerome's geologic history.[10] Evidence from theGrand Canyon, further north in Arizona, suggests that thick layers of sediment may have been laid down atop the ore bodies and later eroded away.[12] The gap in the rock record has been called theGreat Unconformity.[13]
About 525 million years ago, when northern Arizona was at the bottom of a shallow sea, a thin layer of sediment called theTapeats Sandstone was deposited over the Cleopatra tuff. Limestones and other sediments accumulated above the sandstone until about 70 million years ago when theLaramide Orogeny created new mountains and new faults in the region. One of these faults, the Verde Fault, runs directly under Jerome along the Jerome anticline. Crustal stretching beginning about 15 million years ago createdBasin and Range topography in central and southern Arizona, caused volcanic activity near Jerome, and induced movement along the Verde Fault. This movement exposed the tip of the United Verde ore body at one place on Cleopatra Hill and moved the UVX ore body to 1,000 feet (300 m) below the surface.Basalt, laid down between 15 and 10 million years ago, covers the surface beneath the UVXheadframes and Jerome State Historic Park. The basalt, the top layer of theHickey Formation,[10] caps layers ofsedimentary rock.[14]
The natural rock features in and around Jerome were greatly altered by mining. The town is underlain by 88 miles (142 km) of mine shafts. These may have contributed to thesubsidence that destroyed some of Jerome's buildings, which slid slowly downhill during the first half of the 20th century. The United Verde open pit, about 300 feet (91 m) deep, is on the edge of town next to Cleopatra Hill. The side of the pit consists ofPrecambriangabbro. Mine shafts beneath the pit extend to 4,200 feet (1,300 m) below the surface.[10]
Attempts to control erosion on Jerome's steep hillsides by plantingAilanthus altissima has caused new problems. This invasive species, commonly known as "tree of heaven" or "paradise tree", has roots that emit poisons that kill native trees and shrubs. The roots can damage sewer lines and septic tanks, and the tree can sprout through asphalt, sidewalks and into structures. In 2015, the Jerome Fire Department hosted workshops on how to control the trees, which are difficult to eradicate.[15]
TheHohokam were the first people known to have lived and farmed near Jerome from 700 to 1125CE.[16] Later, long before the arrival of Europeans, it is likely that other native peoples mined the United Verde ore body for the colorful copper-bearing mineralsmalachite andazurite. The top of the ore body was accessible because it was visible on the surface.[10]
The first Europeans to arrive in the area were the Spanishconquistadors. At the time the area was part of "New Mexico", and the Spaniards often organized silver and gold prospecting expeditions in the area. In 1585, Spanish explorers made note of the ore[10] but did not mine it because their government had sent them to find gold and silver, not copper.[16]
The area became part ofMexico when Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821,[17] and part of the United States by terms of the1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which concluded theMexican–American War. The war's major consequence was theMexican Cession of the northern territories ofAlta California andSanta Fe de Nuevo México to the United States.[18]
Angus McKinnon and Morris A. Ruffner filed the first copper mining claims at this location in 1876.[19] In 1880,Frederick A. Tritle, the governor of theArizona Territory, and Frederick F. Thomas, a mining engineer fromSan Francisco, bought these claims from the original owners. In 1883, with the aid of eastern financiers including James A. MacDonald and Eugene Jerome ofNew York City, they created theUnited Verde Copper Company. The small adjacent mining camp on Cleopatra Hill was namedJerome in honor of Eugene Jerome, who became the company secretary.[a] United Verde built a smallsmelter at Jerome and constructed wagon roads from it to Prescott, the Verde Valley, and theAtlantic and Pacific Railroad depot atAsh Fork. However, transport by wagon was expensive, and in late 1884 after the price of copper had fallen by 50 percent, the company ceased all operations at the site.[20]
Four years later,William A. Clark, who had made a fortune in mining and commercial ventures inMontana, bought the United Verde properties and, among other improvements, enlarged the smelter.[20] He ordered construction of anarrow-gauge railway, theUnited Verde & Pacific, toJerome Junction, a railway transfer point 27 miles (43 km) to the west.[21] As mining of the ore expanded, Jerome's population grew from 250 in 1890 to more than 2,500 by 1900. By then the United Verde Mine had become the leading copper producer in the Arizona Territory, employing about 800 men,[20] and was one of the largest mines in the world.[22] Over its 77-year life (1876 to 1953), this mine produced nearly 33 million tons of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc ore.[10] The metals produced by United Verde and UVX, the other big mine in Jerome, were said to be worth more than $1 billion.[23][b] According to geologists Lon Abbott and Terri Cook, the combined copper deposits of Jerome were among the richest ever found.[25]
Jerome had a post office by 1883. It added a schoolhouse in 1884 and a public library in 1889. After four major fires between 1894 and 1898 destroyed much of the business district and half of the community's homes, Jerome wasincorporated as a town in 1899.[26] Incorporation made it possible to collect taxes to build a formal fire-fighting system and to establish building codes that prohibited tents and other fire hazards within the town limits.[27] Local merchant and rancher William Munds was the first mayor.[28]
By 1900, Jerome had churches, fraternal organizations, and a downtown with brick buildings, telephone service, and electric lights.[20] Among the thriving businesses were those associated with alcohol, gambling, andprostitution serving a population that was 78 percent male.[29] In 1903, New York'sThe Sun proclaimed Jerome "the wickedest town in the West".[30]
During Jerome’s copper boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the town attracted a large number of Mexican and Mexican American workers who were recruited by the United Verde Copper Company (UVCC) to fill dangerous and physically demanding positions in the mines and smelters. These workers were often assigned the most hazardous jobs, such as ore hauling and smelting, for significantly lower wages than their white counterparts.[31]
Due to segregation policies enforced by the mining companies and local authorities, Mexican workers and their families were forced to live in Mexican Town, a segregated neighborhood located on the lower slopes of Cleopatra Hill, near the smelters and away from the more affluent areas where white miners and company officials resided.[32] Mexican Town was characterized by small, poorly constructed homes, inadequate sanitation, and a lack of access to basic amenities.
Mexican children were also subjected to segregation in Jerome’s education system. They attended separate, inferior schools that were poorly funded and lacked resources. Teachers often had minimal training, and the curriculum was designed to provide only basic education, preparing Mexican children for low-skilled labor rather than higher education or professional careers.[33] In many cases, Mexican students were discouraged from speaking Spanish, and corporal punishment was sometimes used to enforce compliance with English-only policies.[34] Despite these challenges, Mexican families emphasized the importance of education and community cohesion. Parents encouraged their children to attend school and maintain a connection to their heritage and language, ensuring that cultural traditions were preserved within the community.[35]
Mexican workers endured harsh treatment both in and out of the workplace. They were given the most dangerous and least desirable jobs in the mines, such as smelting and ore hauling, and were paid significantly lower wages than their white counterparts.[31] They worked long hours in hazardous conditions with little regard for their safety. Housing in Mexican Town reflected the discriminatory policies of the time, as families lived in overcrowded, poorly maintained structures that lacked running water and adequate sanitation.[32]
Despite the discrimination they faced, Mexican Town developed into a vibrant cultural hub where residents preserved their customs, language, and traditions. Families established small stores, built schools, and created churches that served as the heart of the community. Religious and cultural celebrations, includingfiestas andfestivals, brought the community together and reinforced a sense of identity and resilience.[34]
The Mexican Pool, a public swimming pool built for the community, provided a rare recreational outlet for Mexican families during a time when public facilities were segregated.[36]
As copper production in Jerome declined in the 1930s and the population dwindled, Mexican Town gradually faded away. Many families left to seek better opportunities elsewhere, while others were displaced as Jerome’s fortunes waned. Today, little remains of Mexican Town, but its history highlights the significant contributions of Mexican and Mexican American workers to Jerome’s economy and culture.[37]
Jerome, which was legally separate from United Verde and supported many independent businesses, did not meet the definition of acompany town[38] even though it depended for decades largely on a single company. In 1914, a separate company, the United Verde Extension Mining Company (UVX), led byJames S. Douglas, Jr. (nicknamed Rawhide Jimmy), discovered a second ore body near Jerome that produced abonanza.[39] The UVX Mine, also known as theLittle Daisy Mine,[40] became spectacularly profitable: during 1916 alone, it produced $10 million worth of copper, silver and gold, of which $7.4 million was profit.[41] This mine eventually produced more than $125 million worth of ore and paid more than $50 million in dividends.[39] Total production amounted to four million tons, much less than the United Verde total but from uncommonly rich ore averaging more than 10 percent copper and in places rising to 45 percent.[10]
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Starting in 1914,World War I greatly increased demand for copper, and by 1916 the number of companies involved in mining near Jerome reached 22.[42] These companies employed about 3,000 miners in the district.[42] Meanwhile, United Verde was building a large smelter complex and company town, Clarkdale, and astandard gauge railway, the Verde Tunnel and Smelter Railroad, to haul ore from its mine to the new smelter.[43] After the new railway opened in 1915, the company dismantled the Jerome smelter and converted the mine to an open-pit operation by 1919.[44][c] The switch from underground to open-pit mining stemmed from a series of fires, some burning for decades, in the mine's high-sulfur ores. Removing theoverburden and pouring a mixture of water, waste ore, and sand into rock fissures helped control the fires.[47] By 1918, UVX also had its own smelter in its own company town near Cottonwood; the company town was named Clemenceau in 1920.[44] In 1929, a company named Verde Central opened what at first appeared to be another "great mine"[48] about a mile southwest of Jerome.[49]
The labor situation in Jerome was complicated. Three separate labor unions—theInternational Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers (MMSW), theIndustrial Workers of the World or IWW, and the Liga Protectora Latina, which represented about 500 Mexican miners—had members in Jerome. In 1917, two miners'strikes involving the IWW, which had been organizing strikes elsewhere in Arizona and other states, took place in Jerome. Seen as a threat by business interests as well as other labor unions, the Wobblies, as they were called, were subject nationally to sometimes violent harassment. The MMSW, which in May called a strike against United Verde, regarded the rival IWW with animosity and would not recognize it as legitimate. In response, the IWW members threatened to break the strike. Under pressure, the MMSW voted 467 to 431 to settle for less than they wanted.[50]
In July, the IWW called for a strike against all the mines in the district. In this case, the MMSW voted 470 to 194against striking. Three days later, about 250 armedvigilantes rounded up at least 60 suspected IWW members, loaded them onto a railroadcattle car, and shipped them out of town in what has been called the Jerome Deportation. Nine IWW members, thought by the Prescott sheriff's department to be leaders, were arrested and jailed temporarily in Prescott though never charged with a crime; others were taken toNeedles, California, then toKingman, Arizona, where they were released after promising to desist from "further agitation".[50]
Following a brief post-war downturn, boom times returned to Jerome in the 1920s. Copper prices rose to 24 cents a pound in 1929,[51] and United Verde and UVX operated at near capacity.[52] Wages rose, consumers spent, and the town's businesses—including five automobile dealerships—prospered.[53] United Verde, seeking stable labor relations, added disability and life insurance benefits for its workers and built a baseball field, tennis courts, swimming pools, and a public park in Jerome. Both companies donated to the Jerome Public Library and helped finance projects for the town's schools, churches, and hospitals.[54]
In 1930, after the start of theGreat Depression, the price of copper fell to 14 cents a pound.[55] In response, United Verde began reducing its work force; UVX operated at a loss, and the third big mine, Verde Central, closed completely.[56] The price of copper fell further in 1932 to 5 cents a pound, leading to layoffs, temporary shutdowns, and wage reductions in the Verde District.[57] In 1935, the Clark family sold United Verde toPhelps Dodge,[58] and in 1938 UVX went out of business.[59]
Meanwhile, a subsidence problem that had irreparably damaged at least 10 downtown buildings by 1928 worsened through the 1930s. Dozens of buildings, including the post office and jail, were lost as the earth beneath them sank away.[d] Contributing causes were geologicfaulting in the area, blast vibrations from the mines, and erosion that may have been exacerbated by vegetation-killing smelter smoke.[61][e]
Mining continued at a reduced level in the Verde District until 1953, when Phelps Dodge shut down the United Verde Mine and related operations. Jerome's population subsequently fell below 100.[19] To prevent the town from disappearing completely, its remaining residents turned to tourism and retail sales. They organized the Jerome Historical Society in 1953 and opened a museum and gift shop.[64]
To encourage tourism, the town's leaders soughtNational Historic Landmark status for Jerome; it was granted by the federal government in 1967.[65] In 1962, James Douglas's heirs donated the Douglas mansion, above the UVX mine site, to the State of Arizona, which used it to createJerome State Historic Park.[40] By sponsoring music festivals, historic-homes tours, celebrations, and races, the community attracted visitors and new businesses, which in the 21st century include art galleries, craft stores, wineries, coffeehouses, and restaurants.[64]
July is typically the warmest month in Jerome, when highs average 90 °F (32 °C) and lows average 67 °F (19 °C). January is coldest, when the high temperatures average 50 °F (10 °C) and the lows average 33 °F (1 °C). The highest recorded temperature through 2005 was 108 °F (42 °C) in 2003, and the lowest was 5 °F (−15 °C) in 1963. August, averaging about 3 inches (76 mm) of rain, is the wettest month, while the spring months of April to June generally do not have significant rainfall.[66]
Although most precipitation arrives in the town as rain, snow and fog sometimes occur.[67] On average, about 5 inches (13 cm) of snow falls in January and lesser amounts in February, March, April, November, and December.[66] Even so, theaverage depth of snow on the ground between 1897 and 2005 was so close to zero that it is reported as zero.[66] Jerome is often windy, especially in spring and fall.[67] Summer thunderstorms can be violent.[67]
According to theKöppen climate classification, Jerome has aMediterranean climate (Csa).
| Climate data for Jerome, Arizona (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 75 (24) | 82 (28) | 85 (29) | 92 (33) | 99 (37) | 108 (42) | 108 (42) | 105 (41) | 102 (39) | 94 (34) | 85 (29) | 75 (24) | 108 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 60.6 (15.9) | 65.2 (18.4) | 72.9 (22.7) | 81.9 (27.7) | 90.1 (32.3) | 98.9 (37.2) | 100.4 (38.0) | 97.1 (36.2) | 91.4 (33.0) | 83.1 (28.4) | 71.0 (21.7) | 61.6 (16.4) | 101.6 (38.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 49.5 (9.7) | 53.3 (11.8) | 60.6 (15.9) | 68.2 (20.1) | 77.5 (25.3) | 89.0 (31.7) | 91.3 (32.9) | 88.0 (31.1) | 82.3 (27.9) | 71.2 (21.8) | 58.5 (14.7) | 48.7 (9.3) | 69.8 (21.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.0 (5.6) | 44.8 (7.1) | 50.7 (10.4) | 57.3 (14.1) | 66.2 (19.0) | 77.2 (25.1) | 79.9 (26.6) | 77.4 (25.2) | 72.2 (22.3) | 62.0 (16.7) | 50.2 (10.1) | 41.5 (5.3) | 60.1 (15.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 34.6 (1.4) | 36.2 (2.3) | 40.9 (4.9) | 46.4 (8.0) | 54.9 (12.7) | 65.5 (18.6) | 68.5 (20.3) | 66.8 (19.3) | 62.1 (16.7) | 52.7 (11.5) | 42.0 (5.6) | 34.2 (1.2) | 50.4 (10.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 23.5 (−4.7) | 25.8 (−3.4) | 28.8 (−1.8) | 34.0 (1.1) | 42.0 (5.6) | 54.8 (12.7) | 60.3 (15.7) | 58.9 (14.9) | 52.6 (11.4) | 39.3 (4.1) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 23.6 (−4.7) | 20.6 (−6.3) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 5 (−15) | 8 (−13) | 17 (−8) | 23 (−5) | 26 (−3) | 39 (4) | 44 (7) | 39 (4) | 40 (4) | 21 (−6) | 16 (−9) | 8 (−13) | 5 (−15) |
| Averageprecipitation inches (mm) | 1.77 (45) | 1.82 (46) | 1.66 (42) | 0.72 (18) | 0.51 (13) | 0.32 (8.1) | 2.37 (60) | 3.04 (77) | 1.64 (42) | 1.30 (33) | 0.87 (22) | 1.69 (43) | 17.71 (450) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.7 (4.3) | 1.0 (2.5) | 1.4 (3.6) | 1.4 (3.6) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.7 (1.8) | 6.3 (16) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 inch) | 5.6 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 9.0 | 10.9 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 63.8 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 inch) | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 3.1 |
| Source 1:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[68][69] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Western Regional Climate Center[66] | |||||||||||||
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 250 | — | |
| 1900 | 2,861 | 1,044.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,393 | −16.4% | |
| 1920 | 4,030 | 68.4% | |
| 1930 | 4,932 | 22.4% | |
| 1940 | 2,295 | −53.5% | |
| 1950 | 1,233 | −46.3% | |
| 1960 | 243 | −80.3% | |
| 1970 | 290 | 19.3% | |
| 1980 | 420 | 44.8% | |
| 1990 | 403 | −4.0% | |
| 2000 | 329 | −18.4% | |
| 2010 | 444 | 35.0% | |
| 2020 | 464 | 4.5% | |
| Census sources 1890–1990,[70] 2000 and 2010[71] | |||
| Race(NH = Non-Hispanic) | % 2020[72] | % 2010[73] | % 2000[74] | Pop 2020 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone (NH) | 89% | 90.3% | 87.2% | 413 | 401 | 287 |
| Black alone (NH) | 0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| American Indian alone (NH) | 0.2% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0.4% | 0% | 0% | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Other race alone (NH) | 0.2% | 0% | 0% | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Multiracial (NH) | 5.6% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 26 | 14 | 6 |
| Hispanic/Latino (any race) | 4.1% | 5.6% | 8.2% | 19 | 25 | 27 |
The makeup of early Jerome differed greatly from the 21st-century version of the town. The original mining claims were filed by North American ranchers and prospectors, but as the mines were developed, workers of varied ethnic groups and nationalities arrived. Among them were people of Irish, Chinese, Italian, and Slavic origin who came to Jerome in the late 19th century. By the time of World War I, Mexican nationals were arriving in large numbers, and census figures suggest that in 1930 about 60 percent of the town's residents wereLatino.[75] This statistic is supported by mining company records showing that about 57 percent of the UVX workers were Mexican nationals in 1931 and that foreign-born and Spanish-surnamed workers accounted for about 77 percent of the UVX work force.[76]
The ratio of females to males also varied greatly over time in Jerome. Census data from 1900 through 1950 show a gradual rise in the percentage of female residents, who accounted for only 22 percent of the population at the turn of the century but about 50 percent by mid-century.[77]
As of thecensus of 2010, Jerome was home to 444 people comprising 253 households, 93 of which were families made up of a householder and one or more people related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. The other 160 were non-family. The residents had a racial makeup that was nearly 94 percent White, and the remainder were listed in the census as Black or African American, Native American, Asian, other, or combinations thereof. About 6 percent of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The population, nearly evenly split along gender lines, consisted of 226 women with a median age of 54 and 218 men with a median age of 55.[71]
As of the census of 2020, the population had grown to 464, and the median income for a household in the town was about $35,000. About 19 percent of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.[78] The most reported ancestries wereGerman (19%),English (18.1%), andIrish (14.7%).[79]
Jerome has amayor–council government. The five seats on the council are filled by public election every two years, and the council member receiving the most votes in that election becomes the mayor.[81] Christina "Alex" Barber is the mayor in 2024, and Jane Moore is the vice mayor.[82]
Yavapai County typically electsRepublicans to state and federal offices.[83] About 64 percent of its participating voters chose RepublicanMitt Romney for president in 2012,[83] and about 63 percent chose RepublicanDonald Trump in 2016.[84] At the state level,Walter Blackman andBob Thorpe, both Republicans, represent Jerome as part of the Sixth Legislative District of theArizona Legislature. RepublicanSylvia Allen represents the Sixth District in theArizona Senate.[85][86] At the federal level, RepublicanPaul Gosar represents Jerome and the rest of Arizona's Fourth Congressional District in theUnited States House of Representatives. DemocratsMark Kelly andRuben Gallego represent Arizona in theUnited States Senate.[87]
The town is patrolled by its own police department[88] and is also served by the Eastern Area Command of the Yavapai County Sheriff's Office.[89] About two dozen men and women comprise Jerome's volunteer fire department, which serves an area of more than 500 square miles (1,300 km2) including nearby rural and mountainous terrain as well as the town itself. Firefighting, emergency medical service, and wilderness rescues are its specialties.[90] Jerome is in the Verde Valley Precinct of the Yavapai County Justice Court system.[91]
In 2013, Jerome was the third municipality in Arizona to recognizecivil unions between same-sex partners, afterBisbee andTucson.[92]
Jerome's economy centers mainly on recreation and tourism. Figures published in 2015 showed that over half the labor force worked in arts, entertainment, retail, food and recreation services, while manufacturing and construction employed just over 10 percent.[93] Between 1990 and 2006 the value of taxable sales increased from $4.8 million to $15.5 million,[94] and between 1990 and 2014 theunemployment rate fell from 4.2 to 1.4 percent.[93] Formerly vacant buildings house boutiques, gift shops, antique and craft shops;[94] the town also has five art galleries, a library, three parks and two museums, including the Mine Museum run by the Jerome Historical Society,[93] and a former church building that houses the society's offices and archives.[95] Annual events include a home tour ("Paso de Casas") in May, a reunion for former mining families in October, and a Festival of Lights in December.[94] Gulch Radio KZRJ broadcasts from Jerome at 100.5 FM and streams online.[96] The Town of Jerome publishes a bimonthly newsletter,Point of View.[97]
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Children from Jerome in kindergarten through eighth grade attend the Clarkdale–Jerome School in Clarkdale.[98] Older students attendMingus Union High School in Cottonwood.[99] Each of these communities had its own schools during the first half of the 20th century,[99] but declining populations and shrinking tax revenues led to consolidation.[100] The former Jerome High School complex is home in the 21st century to many artists' galleries.[101]
In March 2017, the Jerome Historical Society acquired the former jail, now known as theSliding Jail, from the Town of Jerome. Rendered unusable but not completely destroyed by earth movements since the 1930s, the structure is about 200 feet (60 m) downhill from where it was originally built. It has become a popular tourist attraction.[102]
Jerome manages its own water system,[103] sourced by ten mountainsprings.[104] The town's annual water report for 2016 assured residents that Jerome's water met all state and federal requirements and was safe to drink.[104] Jerome administers its own sewer system, trash collection, and recycling services.[105] Its public works department maintains the equipment and infrastructure associated with these systems as well the water system, streets, parks, and other city property.[105]
Arizona Public Service provides electricity to Jerome, andUniSource Energy Services is the supplier of natural gas.[106]Century Link (DSL),HughesNet (satellite), Speed Connect (fixed wireless), andmobile Web providers offer Internet access.[107]Satellite television is available viaDirecTV and theDish Network.[107]Mobile phone companies and Century Link offer telephone services.[106]
Informational notes
Citations
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Municipalities and communities ofYavapai County, Arizona,United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cities |  | |
| Towns | ||
| CDPs | ||
| Populated places | ||
| Indian reservations | ||
| Ghost towns | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
