Jeep is an American automobilebrand, now owned by multi-national corporationStellantis.[3][4] Jeep has been part ofChrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with other assets, from its previous owner,American Motors Corporation (AMC).
Jeep's current product range consists solely ofsport utility vehicles—bothcrossovers and fullyoff-road worthy SUVs and models, including onepickup truck. Previously, Jeep's range included other pick-ups, as well as small vans, and a fewroadsters. Some of Jeep's vehicles—such as theGrand Cherokee—reach into the luxury SUV segment, amarket segment the 1963Wagoneer is considered to have started.[5] Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016, up from 500,000 in 2008,[6][7] two-thirds of which in North America,[8] and was Fiat-Chrysler's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017.[9] In the U.S. alone, over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep-branded vehicles, and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company, it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion—slightlymore than all of FCA (US).[8][7] Bob Broderdorf is the current CEO of the Jeep brand worldwide.[2]
Prior to 1940 the term "jeep" had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles,[10][11] but theWorld War II "jeep" that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4×4, arguably making them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known asSUVs.[12] The Jeep became the primary light four-wheel-drive vehicle of theUnited States Armed Forces and theAllies during World War II, as well as the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart noted:[13] "The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification ofYankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination." It is the precursor of subsequent generations ofmilitary light utility vehicles such as theHumvee, and inspired the creation of civilian analogs such as the originalSeries I Land Rover.[14][15] Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations.
The Jeep marque has been headquartered inToledo, Ohio, ever sinceWillys–Overland launched production of the firstCJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945.[16] Its replacement, the conceptually consistentJeep Wrangler series, has remained in production since 1986. With its solid axles and open top, the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand's identity as the911 is toPorsche.[17]
At least two Jeep models (theCJ-5 and theSJ Wagoneer) enjoyed extraordinary three-decade production runs of a single body generation.
In lowercase, the term "jeep" continues to be used as ageneric term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain.[18]In Iceland, the wordJeppi (derived from Jeep) has been used since World War II and is still used for any type of SUV.
When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theater ofWorld War II, the Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four-wheel drive reconnaissance car. Only two companies responded: theAmerican Bantam Car Company andWillys-Overland. The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype. Willys asked for more time, but was refused. American Bantam had only a small staff with nobody to draft the vehicle plans, so chief engineer Harold Crist[19] hiredKarl Probst, a talented freelance designer from Detroit. After turning down Bantam's initial request, Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17, 1940, initially without salary.
Probst drafted the full plans in just two days for the Bantam prototype known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car, working up a cost estimate the next day. Bantam's bid was submitted on July 22, complete with blueprints.[20] Much of the vehicle could be assembled from off-the-shelf automotive parts, and custom four-wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied bySpicer. The hand-built prototype was completed inButler, Pennsylvania[21] and driven toCamp Holabird,Maryland on September 23 for Army testing. The vehicle met all the Army's criteria except engine torque.
The Army thought that the Bantam company lacked the production capacity to manufacture and deliver the required number of vehicles, so it supplied the Bantam design toWillys andFord, and encouraged them to enhance the design. The resultingFord "Pygmy" and Willys "Quad" prototypes looked very similar to theBantam BRC prototype, and Spicer supplied very similar four-wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers.[22]
1,500 of each model (Bantam BRC-40, Ford GP, and Willys MA) were built and extensively field-tested. After the weight specification was revised from 1,275 lb (578 kg) to a maximum of 2,450 lb (1,110 kg)[23][self-published source?] including oil and water, Willys-Overland's chief engineerDelmar "Barney" Roos modified the design to use Willys's heavy but powerful "Go Devil" engine, and won the initial production contract. The Willys version became the standard jeep design, designated themodel MB, and was built at their plant inToledo, Ohio. The familiar pressed-metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army.
Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time, Willys-Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys' specifications. The Army chose Ford as a second supplier, building Jeeps to Willys' design. Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications.[24] American Bantam, the creators of the first Jeep, built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC-40 design, but spent the rest of the war building heavy-duty trailers for the Army.
Final production version jeeps built by Willys-Overland were theModel MB, while those built by Ford were theModel GPW (G = government vehicle,P = 80"wheelbase,W = Willys engine design). There were subtle differences between the two.[25] The versions produced by Ford had every component (including bolt heads) marked with an "F", and early on Ford also stamped their name in large letters in their trademark script, embossed in the rear panel of their jeeps. Willys followed the Ford pattern by stamping 'Willys' into several body parts, but the U.S. government objected to this practice, and both parties stopped this in 1942.[26] In spite of persistent advertising by both car and component manufacturers of contributions to the production of successful jeeps during the war, no "Jeep"-branded vehicles were built until the 1945 Willys CJ-2A.
The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US$648.74 (Ford's was $782.59 per unit; these figures are equivalent to $10641 and $12837 in 2024, respectively[27]).[28] Willys-Overland and Ford, under the direction ofCharles E. Sorensen (vice-president of Ford during World War II), produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort, which accounted for approximately 18% of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war.[29][30][31]
Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military. An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment. Jeeps were used for many purposes, including cable laying,sawmilling, as firefighting pumpers, field ambulances, tractors, and, with suitable wheels, would run on railway tracks. Anamphibious jeep, the model GPA, or "seep" (Sea Jeep) was built for Ford in modest numbers, but it could not be considered a success as it was neither a good off-road vehicle nor a good boat. As part of the war effort, nearly 30% of all Jeep production was supplied toGreat Britain and to theSovietRed Army.
The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world, including in France byDelahaye and byHotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and in Japan byMitsubishi Motors andToyota. TheLand Rover was inspired by the Jeep. The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike. TheMuseum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece offunctionalist design and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection.[32][33]Pulitzer Prize-winning war correspondentErnie Pyle called the jeep, along with theColeman G.I. Pocket Stove, "the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed".[34] Jeeps became even more famous following the war, as they became available on the surplus market. Some ads claimed to offer "Jeeps still in the factory crate." This legend persisted for decades, despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates (although Ford did "knock down" Jeeps for easier shipping, which may have perpetuated the myth[35]).
TheJeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in thePhilippines. The first Jeepneys were military-surplus MBs and GPWs, left behind in the war-ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence. Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear "tub" of the vehicle, allowing them to carry more passengers. Over the years, Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines, even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners. Most Jeepneys today are scratch-built by local manufacturers, using different powertrains.
Aside from Jeepneys, backyard assemblers in the Philippines construct replica Jeeps with stainless steel bodies and surplus parts, and are called "owner-type jeeps" (as jeepneys are also called "passenger-type jeeps").[36]
In the United States military, the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford'sM151) of which the latest is theHumvee.
After World War II, Jeep began to experiment with new designs, including a model that could drive underwater. On February 1, 1950, contract N8ss-2660 was approved for 1,000 units "especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications" and "constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations". The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe underwater.[37]
In 1965, Jeep developed theM715 1.25-short-ton (1.13-tonne) army truck, a militarized version of the civilian J-series Jeep truck, which served extensively in theVietnam War. It had heavier full-floating axles and a foldable, vertical, flat windshield. Today, it serves other countries and is still being produced byKia under license.
Many explanations of the origin of the wordjeep have proven difficult to verify. The most widely held theory is that the military designationGP (forGovernment Purposes orGeneral Purpose) was slurred into the wordJeep in the same way that the contemporaryHMMWV (forHigh-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) has become known as theHumvee. Joe Frazer,Willys-Overland President from 1939 to 1944, claimed to have coined the wordjeep by slurring the initials G.P.[38] There are no contemporaneous uses of "GP" before later attempts to create abackronym.
A more detailed view, popularized byR. Lee Ermey on his television seriesMail Call, disputes this "slurred GP" origin, saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties, and was never referred to as "General Purpose" and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep-drivingGI would have been familiar with this designation. The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use, P to designate its 80-inch (2,000 mm)wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys-Overland designed engine. Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it afterEugene the Jeep, a character in theThimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created byE. C. Segar, as early as mid-March 1936. Eugene the Jeep was Popeye's "jungle pet" and was "small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems".[39][40]
The word "jeep", however, was used as early as World War I, as U.S. Army slang for new uninitiated recruits, or by mechanics to refer to new, unproven vehicles.[10][11] In 1937,tractors which were supplied byMinneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps. A precursor of theBoeing B-17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep.[38]
Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library atThe Pentagon gives this definition:
Jeep: A four-wheel drive vehicle of one-half- to one-and-one-half-ton [0.45 to 1.36 tonnes] capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam-cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the1⁄2-ton [0.45 tonnes] command vehicle. Also referred to as "any small plane, helicopter, or gadget."
This definition is supported by the use of the term "jeep carrier" to refer to the Navy's smallescort carriers.
Early in 1941,Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of theUnited States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving "Red" Hausmann, who had recently heard soldiers atFort Holabird calling it a "jeep". When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for theWashington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Hausmann answered, "It's a jeep."
Katharine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 19, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:
LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE – With SenatorMeade, of New York, at the wheel, and RepresentativeThomas, of New Jersey, sitting beside him, one of the Army's new scout cars, known as "jeeps" or "quads", climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday. Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed.
Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the4×4 with the name.
Willys wartime advertisement promoting its Jeeps' contribution to the war effort
The "Jeep" brand has gone through many owners, starting withWillys-Overland, which filed the original trademark application for the "Jeep" brand-name in February 1943.[1] To help establish the term as a Willys brand, the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war.[1] Willys' application initially met with years of opposition, primarily from Bantam, but also fromMinneapolis-Moline. TheFederal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943, largely ignoring Minneapolis-Moline's claim, and continued to scold Willys-Overland after the war for its advertising.[41] The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint, to cease and desist any claims that it "created or designed" the Jeep – Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the Jeep's development.[42] Willys however proceeded to produce the firstCivilian Jeep (CJ) branded vehicles in 1945. Being the only company that continually produced "Jeep" vehicles after the war, Willys-Overland was eventually granted the name "Jeep" as a registered trademark in June 1950.[1] Aside from Willys,King Features Syndicate has held a trademark on the name "Jeep" for their comics since August 1936.[43]
Willys had also seriously considered the brand nameAGRIJEEP, and was granted the trademark for it in December 1944, but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the "Universal Jeep", which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming.[44]
FCA US LLC, the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand, now holds trademark status on the name "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys (an arrangement of flat bars), was incorporated into the "standardized jeep" design.
The history of the HMMWV (Humvee) has ties with Jeep. In 1971, Jeep's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General, a wholly owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee. AM General also continued manufacturing the two-wheel-drive DJ, which Jeep created in 1953. The General MotorsHummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles. Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford's nine-slot design for the Jeep.
Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand's vehicles' off-road capabilities.[45] Today, theWrangler is one of the few remaining four-wheel-drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles. These axles are known for their durability, strength, and articulation. New Wranglers come with aDana 44 reardifferential and aDana 30 front differential. The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials,Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears, a 4:1transfer case, electronicsway bar disconnect, and heavy-duty suspension.
Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to "lift" with aftermarket suspension systems. This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle. By increasing this distance, larger tires can be installed, which will increase theground clearance, allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles. In addition to higher ground clearance, many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or "flex" to give their Jeeps greatly improved off-road capabilities. Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction.
Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases, narrow frames, ampleapproach,breakover, and departure angles, thus enabling them to traverse through places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty.
The Jeep's design does have some drawbacks however. The short wheelbase and lighter weight make climbing steeper inclines more difficult, as the weight cannot be as evenly distributed on an angle compared to longer wheelbase off-roaders. The usage of solid axles affects ground clearance, as their design makes them the lowest point to the ground regardless of the height of the body. Earlier Jeeps lacked basic safety equipment such as doors, seatbelts or roll cages, making them extremely dangerous if rolled over.
After the war, Willys did not resume production of its passenger-car models, choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep-branded vehicles, launching theJeep Station Wagon in 1946, theJeep Truck in 1947, and theJeepster in 1948. An attempt to re-enter the passenger-car market in 1952 with theWillys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful, and ended with the company's acquisition byKaiser Motors in 1953, for $60 million.[46] Kaiser initially called the merged company "Willys Motors", but renamed itselfKaiser-Jeep in 1963. By the end of 1955, Kaiser-Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero, as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively.[17]
American Motors Corporation (AMC) in turn purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. This time $70 million changed hands.[46] The utility vehicles complemented AMC's passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep's international and government markets. In 1971, AMC spun off Jeep's commercial, postal, and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary, AM General – the company that later developed the M998 Humvee. In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ-7, replacing the CJ-6 in North America, as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time.[47]
The French automakerRenault began investing in AMC in 1979. Renault began selling Jeeps through their European dealerships soon thereafter, beginning in Belgium and France, gradually supplanting a number of independent importers.[48] During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee, its first unibody SUV; and global sales topped 200,000 for the first time in 1985.[47] However, the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era. By 1987, the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles, stemming from their heavy investment into AMC while simultaneously laying workers off in France; this led to the assassination of then-Renault CEOGeorges Besse in 1986 by the French extremist groupAction Directe.[49][50] Renault's upper management quickly moved to sell off AMC.
Chrysler Corporation bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the JeepCJ-7 had been replaced with the AMC-designedWrangler YJ; the acquisition was primarily for Jeep.[51][52][53] After more than 40 years, the four-wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers fell into the hands of one of theBig Three; Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition, partnered with the newEagle marque (created for legal reasons involving Renault's sale of the AMC assets to Chrysler) as theJeep-Eagle division.[54] Chrysler subsequently merged withDaimler-Benz in 1998 (by which point Eagle was discontinued) and folded intoDaimlerChrysler. During this time, the Chrysler and Jeep sales channels were combined, primarily to complement Chrysler's luxury automobiles with Jeep's popular SUVs. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of its interest in Chrysler to aprivate equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC, until December 15, 2014, when Chrysler folded intoFiat Chrysler Automobiles, with the stateside subsidiary operating under 'FCA US LLC'.
Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world, includingMahindra in India, EBRO in Spain, and several in South America.Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998; Most were based on the CJ-3B model of the original Willys-Kaiser design.[55]
Toledo, Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the sameToledo Complex as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway. TheJeep Wrangler is built in the city currently, not far from the site of the original Willys-Overland plant.
American Motors set up the first automobile-manufacturing joint venture in the People's Republic of China on January 15, 1984.[56] The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, to produce theJeep Cherokee (XJ) in Beijing. Manufacture continued after Chrysler's buyout of AMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the "Jeep 2500" toward the end of its production that ended after 2005.[57]
In October 2022, the joint venture between Stellantis and Chinese companyGuangzhou Automobile Group filed for bankruptcy, although Stellantis said it intends to continue servicing Jeep brand customers in China.[58]
While Jeeps have been built in India under license by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s, Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016, starting with the release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country.[59]
This is a list ofmilitary light utility vehicles, made under the Jeep brand, by the Jeep company, or its corporate forebears, beginning withWillys-Overland, the first company to officially market "Jeep" branded cars and light trucks. For a full list of U.S. military jeeps, that includes the first successful Bantam prototype, and other models, brands and companies, see:List of U.S. military jeeps
Willys MA on the assembly line, 19411942 Willys MB slat grille1952–1957Willys / Kaiser MDJeep M715 truck
1940Willys Quad — Willys' first prototype, competing for the U.S. Army contract for a1⁄4-short-ton (0.23-tonne) reconnaissance vehicle
1941Willys MA — Willys' low-volume preproduction model, preceding the standardized World War II jeep
1941–1944Willys MT "Super Jeep" — 6x6,3⁄4-short-ton (0.68-tonne) prototype — a small number were built in various configurations[63]
1943Willys WAC (for 'Willys Air Cooled') "Jeeplet" — prototype for a super light-weight, full-time 4WD with front and rear independent suspension[63]
1944Willys MLW-1 (for 'Military Long Wheelbase') — prototype (never finished)
1944Willys MLW-2 (for 'Military Long Wheelbase') or "Jungle Jeep" — prototype for ahalf-ton, jungle-suited jeep[63]
1948 WillysJungle Burden Carrier — a medical litter, personnel and cargo carrier, built in small numbers for testing in jungle warfare and with airborne forces.[64]
1953 WillysBC Bobcat aka "Aero Jeep" — prototype for a very small, lightweight (1,475 lb or 669 kg) jeep, for easier lifting by helicopters of the day.[66]
1959–1982M151 jeep —Although the M151 was developed and initially produced by Ford, production contracts for the M151A2 were later also awarded toKaiser Jeep andAM General Corp, a Jeep sister company, once Jeep had become part of AMC.
The CJ (for "Civilian Jeep") series were literally the first "Jeep" branded vehicles sold commercially to the civilian public, beginning in 1945 with theCJ-2A, followed by theCJ-3A in 1949 and theCJ-3B in 1953. These early Jeeps are frequently referred to as "flat-fenders" because their front fenders were completely flat and straight, just as on the original WW II model (the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW).
The CJ-4 exists only as a single 1951 prototype and constitutes the "missing link" between the flat-fendered CJ-2A and CJ-3A/B, and the subsequent Jeeps with new bodies, featuring rounded fenders and hoods, beginning with the 1955CJ-5, first introduced as the militaryWillys MD (or M38A1). The restyled body was mostly prompted to clear the taller new overhead-valveHurricane engine.
1947–1965Willys Jeep Truck shared much in terms of styling and engineering.
With over 300,000 wagons and variants built in the U.S., it was one of Willys' most successful post-World War II models. Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs.
From 1955 onwards Willys offered two-wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use, called DJ models (for 'Dispatcher Jeep'), in both open and closed body styles. A well-known version was the right-hand drive model with sliding side-doors, used by the US Postal service. In 1961 the range was expanded with the 'Fleetvan' delivery van, based on DJ Jeeps.
2005–2010Grand Cherokee WK: Five-passenger family-orientedSUV – "WK" is the designator for the 2005–2010 Grand Cherokee, marks the beginning of the -K designation compared to the -J designation
2002 Jeep Wrangler Patriot: A special decal package for the Wrangler X/Sport
2002 Jeep Wrangler Mountain Biker
2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WJ) Concierge
2004 Jeep Treo
2004 Jeep Res
2004 Jeep Liberator CRD
2005Jeep Hurricane: The 4-wheel steering system allows the vehicle to have both a zero turning circle, and "crab" sideways.[82] Its engine was later put in the Grand Cherokee (WK) SRT-8
The Troller T4Mahindra & Mahindra Limited Indian Jeep
Jeeps have been built and/or assembled around the world by various companies.[84]
Argentina – IKA Jeeps 1956–current; now owned by Chrysler[85]
Australia – Willys Motors Australia – 1940s–1980s[86]
Brazil – Willys Overland do Brasil, purchased by Ford to becomeFord do Brasil – 1957–1985[87] built theJeep Rural from 1960 to 1977, and theTroller T4 is a fiberglass bodied Jeep version built in Brazil. Troller was purchased by Ford do Brasil in 2007.
Burma/Myanmar – Two Burmese companies produce unlicensed copies of jeeps; Myanmar Jeeps and Chin Dwin Star Jeeps.
Portugal –Bravia Sarl – 1960s to 1980s This Lisbon company assembled a number of Kaiser Jeep M-201 models from several Spanish EBRO and VIASA parts built to order for the USAF airfields & the US Army based at the time in Portugal, of the 500 vehicles made, most had American running gear.
Russia – Russian company APAL produces the Jeep-likeStalker which utilizes a space frame covered with plastic panels, using Lada Niva chassis and mechanicals.
Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license. It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China, vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country.[104][105]
In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth €35 m (US$45.8 m[106]) with Italian football clubJuventus.[107]
In August 2014, Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with the Greek football clubAEK Athens F.C.
Jeep has been the title sponsor of France's top men's professional basketball league,LNB Pro A, since 2018. Under the deal, the league markets itself as Jeep Élite.[108]
^"Chrysler 8-K/A SEC filing"(PDF). secdatabase.com. December 3, 2012.Archived(PDF) from the original on May 16, 2013. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2015.... served as the auditor for Fiat S.p.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries, which include Chrysler Group
^"Chrysler Group LLC". InsideView company data. Archived fromthe original on September 27, 2013. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2015.Chrysler Group LLC operates as a subsidiary of Fiat North America LLC
^Gunnell, John (2005).American Cars of the 1960s: A Decade of Diversity. Krause Publications. p. 213.ISBN978-0-89689-131-9.
^Robson, Graham (1981).The Rover Story. Stephens. p. 87.ISBN978-0-85059-543-7.The first Land-Rover owed a lot to the Jeep. Designer Gordon Bashford, who laid out the basic concept, makes no secret of that. It was also his job to go off to an ex-WD surplus vehicle dump in the Cotswolds, buy a couple of roadworthy Jeeps ...
^Borth, Christy (1945).Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 208–236.
^Herman, Arthur (2012).Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II. New York: Random House.ISBN978-1-4000-6964-4. pp. 214, 218, 342.
^Leigh Brown, Patricia (December 12, 1998). "Where Do You Hang The 747?".The New York Times.
Foster, Patrick R. (2003).Standard Catalog of Jeep 1940–2003. Krause Publications.ISBN978-0-87349-522-6.
Hartwell, Dickson (December 1960)."The Mighty Jeep".American Heritage Magazine.12 (1).Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 28, 2012.
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