Jean Arthur | |
|---|---|
 Publicity photo, mid-1930s | |
| Born | Gladys Georgianna Greene (1900-10-17)October 17, 1900 Plattsburgh, New York, U.S. |
| Died | June 19, 1991(1991-06-19) (aged 90) |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1923–1975 |
| Known for | |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
Jean Arthur (bornGladys Georgianna Greene; October 17, 1900 – June 19, 1991)[1] was an American film and theater actor whose career began insilent films in the early 1920s and lasted until the early 1950s.
Arthur had feature roles in threeFrank Capra films:Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) withGary Cooper,You Can't Take It with You (1938) co-starringJames Stewart, andMr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), also starring Stewart. These three films all championed the "everyday heroine", personified by Arthur. She also co-starred withCary Grant in the adventure-dramaOnly Angels Have Wings (1939) and in the comedy-dramaThe Talk of the Town (1942). She starred as the lead in the acclaimed and highly successful comedy filmsThe Devil and Miss Jones (1941) andA Foreign Affair (1948), the latter of which she starred alongsideMarlene Dietrich. Arthur was nominated for anAcademy Award for Best Actress in 1944 for her performance inThe More the Merrier (1943), a comedy which also starredJoel McCrea.[2]
James Harvey wrote in his history of the romantic comedy: "No one was more closely identified with thescrewball comedy than Jean Arthur. So much was she part of it, so much was her star personality defined by it, that the screwball style itself seems almost unimaginable without her."[3] She has been called "the quintessential comedic leading lady".[4] Her last film performance was non-comedic, playing the homesteader's wife inGeorge Stevens'sShane in 1953.
LikeGreta Garbo, Arthur was well known in Hollywood for her aversion to publicity; she was very guarded about her privacy and rarely signed autographs or granted interviews.Life observed in a 1940 article: "Next to Garbo, Jean Arthur is Hollywood's reigning mystery woman."[5] As well as recoiling from interviews, after a certain age, she avoided photographers and refused to become a part of any kind of publicity.[6]
Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene inPlattsburgh, New York, to Protestant parents Johanna Augusta Nelson and Hubert Sidney Greene.[7] Gladys' Lutheran maternal grandparents immigrated from Norway to the American West after theCivil War. HerCongregationalist paternal ancestors immigrated from England toRhode Island in the second half of the 17th century. During the 1790s, Nathaniel Greene helped found the town ofSt. Albans, Vermont, where his great-grandson, Hubert Greene, was born.
Arthur had three older brothers.[8]
The product of a nomadic childhood, Arthur lived at times inSaranac Lake, New York;Jacksonville, Florida, andSchenectady, New York. The family lived on and off inWestbrook, Maine, from 1908 to 1915, while Arthur's father worked at Lamson Studios inPortland. Relocating in 1915 to New York City, the family settled in theWashington Heights neighborhood of upperManhattan.[9]
Arthur dropped out of high school in her junior year due to a "change in family circumstances".[10]
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Discovered byFox Film Studios while she was doing commercial modeling in New York City in the early 1920s, the newly named Jean Arthur landed a one-year contract and debuted in thesilent filmCameo Kirby (1923), directed byJohn Ford. She reputedly took her stage name from two of her greatest heroes,Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) andKing Arthur.[11] The studio was at the time looking for new American sweethearts with sufficient sex appeal to interest theJazz Age audiences. Arthur was remodeled as such a personality, aflapper.[12]
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Following the small role inCameo Kirby, she received her first female lead role inThe Temple of Venus (1923), a plotless tale about a group of dancing nymphs. Dissatisfied with her lack of acting talent, the film's director,Henry Otto, replaced Arthur with actressMary Philbin during the third day of shooting. Arthur agreed with the director: "There wasn't a spark from within. I was acting like a mechanical doll personality. I thought I was disgraced for life."[13]
Arthur was planning on leaving the California film industry for good, but reluctantly stayed due to her contract, and appeared in comedy shorts, instead. Despite lacking the required talent, Arthur liked acting, which she perceived as an "outlet". To acquire some fame, she registered herself in the Los Angeles city directory as a photo player operator, as well as appearing in a promotional film for a new Encino nightclub, but to no avail.[14]
It would have been better business if I cried in front of the producers. It isn't a bad idea to get angry and chew up the scenery. I've had to learn to be a different person since I've been out here. Anybody that sticks it out in Hollywood for four years is bound to change in self-defense... Oh, I'm hard-boiled now. I don't expect anything. But it took me a long time to get over hoping, and believing, people's promises. That's the worst of this business, everyone is such a good promisor.[15]
Change came when one day she showed up at the lot of Action Pictures, which producedB Westerns, and impressed its owner, Lester F. Scott, Jr., with her presence. He decided to take a chance on a complete unknown, and she was cast in over 20 Westerns in a two-year period. Only receiving $25 a picture, Arthur suffered from difficult working conditions: "The films were generally shot on location, often in the desert near Los Angeles, under a scorching sun that caused throats to parch and make-up to run. Running water was nowhere to be found, and even outhouses were a luxury not always present. The extras on these films were often real cowboys, tough men who were used to roughing it and who had little use for those who were not."[16] The films were moderately successful in second-rate Midwestern theaters, though Arthur received no official attention. Aside from appearing in films for Action Pictures between 1924 and 1926, she worked in some independent Westerns, includingThe Drug Store Cowboy (1925), and Westerns forPoverty Row, as well as having an uncredited bit part inBuster Keaton'sSeven Chances (1925) as the receptionist.[17]
In 1927, Arthur attracted more attention when she appeared oppositeMae Busch andCharles Delaney as a gold-digging chorus girl inHusband Hunters. Subsequently, she was romanced by actorMonty Banks inHorse Shoes (1927), both a commercial and critical success. She was cast on Banks's insistence, and received a salary of $700.[18] Next, directorRichard Wallace ignored Fox's wishes to cast a more experienced actress by assigning Arthur to the female lead inThe Poor Nut (1927), a college comedy, which gave her wide exposure to audiences. A reviewer forVariety did not spare the actress in his review:
With everyone in Hollywood bragging about the tremendous overflow of charming young women all battering upon the directorial doors leading to an appearance in pictures, it seems strange that from all these should have been selected two flat specimens such as Jean Arthur andJane Winton. Neither of the girls has screen presence. Even under the kindliest treatment from the camera, they are far from attractive and in one or two side shots almost impossible.[19]
Fed up with the direction that her career was taking, Arthur expressed her desire for a big break in an interview at the time. She was skeptical when signed to a small role inWarming Up (1928), a film produced for a big studio,Famous Players–Lasky, and featuring major starRichard Dix. Promoted as the studio's firstsound film, it received wide media attention, and Arthur earned praise for her portrayal of a baseball club owner's daughter.Variety opined, "Dix and Arthur are splendid in spite of the wretched material", whileScreenland wrote that Arthur "is one of the most charming young kissees who ever officiated in a Dix film. Jean is winsome; she neither looks nor acts like the regular movie heroine. She's a nice girl – but she has her moments."[20] The success ofWarming Up resulted in Arthur being signed to a three-year contract with the studio, soon to be known asParamount Pictures, at $150 a week.
With the rise of thetalkies in the late 1920s, Arthur was among the many silent-screen actors of Paramount Pictures initially unwilling to adapt to sound films.[21] Upon realizing that the craze for sound films was not a phase, she met with sound coach Roy Pomeroy. Her distinctive, throaty voice – in addition to some stage training onBroadway in the early 1930s – eventually helped make her a star in the talkies, but it initially prevented directors from casting her in films.[22] In her early talkies, this "throaty" voice is still missing, and whether it had not yet emerged or whether she hid it remains unclear.[23] Her all-talking film debut wasThe Canary Murder Case (1929), in which she co-starred oppositeWilliam Powell andLouise Brooks. Arthur impressed only a few with the film, and later claimed that at the time she was a "very poor actress ... awfully anxious to improve, but ... inexperienced so far as genuine training was concerned."[24]
In the early years of talking pictures, Paramount was known for contracting Broadway actors with experienced vocals and impressive background references. Arthur was not among these actors, and she struggled for recognition in the film industry. Her personal involvement with rising Paramount executiveDavid O. Selznick – despite his relationship withIrene Mayer Selznick – proved substantial; she was put on the map and became selected as one of theWAMPAS Baby Stars in 1929. Following a silent B Western calledStairs of Sand (1929), she received some positive notices when she played the female lead in the lavish production ofThe Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929).[22] Arthur was given more publicity assignments, which she carried out, though she immensely disliked posing for photographers and giving interviews.[22]
Through Selznick, Arthur received her "best role to date" opposite famous sex symbolClara Bow in the early sound filmThe Saturday Night Kid (1929).[25] Of the two female leads, Arthur was thought to have "the better part", and director Edward Sutherland claimed, "Arthur was so good that we had to cut and cut to keep her from stealing the picture" from Bow.[26] While some argued that Bow resented Arthur for having the "better part,"[27] Bow encouraged Arthur to make the most of the production.[26] Arthur later praised her working experience with Bow: "[Bow] was so generous, no snootiness or anything. She was wonderful to me."[28] The film was a moderate success, andThe New York Times wrote that the film would have been "merely commonplace, were it not for Jean Arthur, who plays the catty sister with a great deal of skill."[27]
Following a role inHalf way to Heaven (1929) opposite popular actorCharles "Buddy" Rogers (of whichVariety opined that her career could be heading somewhere if she acquired more sex appeal),[27] Selznick assigned her to play William Powell's wife inStreet of Chance (1930). She did not impress the film's director,John Cromwell, who advised the actress to move back to New York because she would not make it in Hollywood.[27] By 1930, her relationship with Selznick had ended, causing her career at Paramount to slip.[29] Following a string of "lifeless ingenue roles" in mediocre films, she debuted on stage in December 1930 with a supporting role inPasadena Playhouse's 10-day production run ofSpring Song. Back in Hollywood, Arthur saw her career deteriorating, and she dyed her hair blonde in an attempt to boost her image and avoid comparison with the more successful actressMary Brian.[30] Her effort did not pay off; when her three-year contract at Paramount expired in mid-1931, she was given her release with an announcement from Paramount that the decision was due to financial setbacks caused by theGreat Depression.[30]
In late 1931, Arthur returned to New York City, where aBroadway agent cast Arthur in an adaptation ofLysistrata, which opened at the Riviera Theater on January 24, 1932. A few months later, she made her Broadway debut inForeign Affairs oppositeDorothy Gish andOsgood Perkins. Though the play did not fare well and closed after 23 performances, critics were impressed by her work on stage.[31] She next won the female lead inThe Man Who Reclaimed His Head, which opened on September 8, 1932, at the Broadhurst Theatre to mostly mixed notices for Arthur; negative reviews for the play caused the production to be halted quickly.[32] Arthur returned to California for the holidays, and appeared in theRKO filmThe Past of Mary Holmes (1933), her first film in two years.
Back on Broadway, Arthur continued to appear in small plays that received little attention. Critics, however, continued to praise her in their reviews. In this period, Arthur arguably developed confidence in her acting craft for the first time.[33] On the contrast between films in Hollywood and plays in New York, Arthur commented:
I don't think Hollywood is the place to be yourself. The individual ought to find herself before coming to Hollywood. On the stage I found myself to be in a different world. The individual counted. The director encouraged me and I learned how to be myself.... I learned to face audiences and to forget them. To see the footlights and not to see them; to gauge the reactions of hundreds of people, and yet to throw myself so completely into a role that I was oblivious to their reaction.[33]
The Curtain Rises, which ran from October to December 1933, was Arthur's first Broadway play in which she was the center of attention.[34] With an improved résumé, she returned to Hollywood in late 1933, and turned down several contract offers until she was asked to meet with an executive fromColumbia Pictures.[35] Columbia hired her.
During production of her first Columbia feature, she was offered a long-term contract that promised financial stability for herself and both of her parents.[35] Though hesitant to give up her stage career, Arthur signed the five-year contract on February 14, 1934.[10]
Jean Arthur's first two features for Columbia starred the studio's number-one boxoffice draw, the action starJack Holt. Holt had a loyal following among fans and exhibitors, and Columbia's presidentHarry Cohn knew that Arthur would benefit from the exposure, and from working with screen veteran Holt.Whirlpool cast tough-guy Holt as a once-convicted gambler reunited with the daughter he has never seen. Arthur played the daughter with sincerity and sympathy, while Holt displayed a tenderness and compassion never before seen in his two-fisted melodramas.The Hollywood Reporter observed, "Particularly touching and well done are [Holt's] scenes with his daughter. He is given splendid assistance by Jean Arthur, and by the director,Roy William Neill. Without overplaying or mawkish sentimentality, these scenes have a natural, human quality that counts."[36]
Holt and Arthur were teamed a few months later for a follow-up,The Defense Rests (1934); Arthur's character, fresh out of law school, wants to work for a celebrated criminal lawyer, played by Holt, and soon learns the inside story of his success.
Arthur's success in the Holt pictures had a salutary effect on the actress's outlook, according toPicture Play:
Her entire personality has changed, and from a somewhat immature actress of nice but no startling ability she has blossomed into a distinctive artist, and only the future can tell how high she will soar... [She] now receives, fromWhirlpool alone, approval that any far more experienced actress might spend years in building up.[37]
In 1935, at age 34, Arthur starred oppositeEdward G. Robinson in the gangster farceThe Whole Town's Talking, also directed by Ford, and her popularity began to rise. It was the first time Arthur portrayed a hard-boiled working girl with a heart of gold, the type of role with which she would be associated for the rest of her career.[38] She enjoyed the acting experience and working opposite Robinson, who remarked in his biography that it was a "delight to work with and know" Arthur.[39] By the time of the film's release, her hair, naturally brunette throughout the silent-film portion of her career, was bleached blonde and mostly stayed that way. She was known for maneuvering to be photographed and filmed almost exclusively from the left; Arthur felt that her left was her better side, and worked hard to keep it in the fore. DirectorFrank Capra recalled producerHarry Cohn's description of Jean Arthur's imbalanced profile: "half of it's angel, and the other half horse."[40]
Her next few films,Party Wire (1935),Public Hero No. 1 (1935), andIf You Could Only Cook (1935), did not match the success ofThe Whole Town's Talking, but they all brought the actress positive reviews.[39] In his review forThe New York Times, critic Andre Sennwald praised Arthur's performance inPublic Hero No. 1, writing that she "is as refreshing a change from the routine it-girl asJoseph Calleia is in his own department."[41] Another critic wrote of her performance inIf You Could Only Cook that "[she is] outstanding as she effortlessly slips from charming comedienne to beautiful romantic."[42] With her now apparent rise to fame, Arthur was able to extract several contractual concessions from Harry Cohn, such as script and director approval and the right to make films for other studios.[43]
The turning point in Arthur's career came when she was chosen by Frank Capra to star inMr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936). Capra had spotted her in a daily rush[40] from the filmWhirlpool in 1934[44] and convinced Cohn to haveColumbia Studios sign her for his next film, playing a tough newspaperwoman who falls in love with a country bumpkin millionaire. Though several colleagues later recalled that Arthur was troubled by extreme stage fright during production,Mr. Deeds was critically acclaimed and propelled her to international stardom.[45] In 1936 alone, she earned $119,000, more than the President of the United States and baseball starLou Gehrigcombined.[46][47][48]
With fame also came media attention, something Arthur greatly disliked. She did not attend any social gatherings, such as formal parties in Hollywood, and acted difficult when having to work with an interviewer. She was named the American Greta Garbo – who was also known for her reclusive life – and magazineMovie Classic wrote of her in 1937: "With Garbo talking right out loud in interviews, receiving the press and even welcoming an occasional chance to say her say in the public prints, the palm for elusiveness among screen stars now goes to Jean Arthur."[49]
Arthur's next film wasThe Ex-Mrs. Bradford (1936), on loan toRKO Pictures, in which she starred opposite William Powell on his insistence,[50] and hoped to take a long vacation afterwards. Cohn, however, rushed her into two more productions,Adventure in Manhattan (1936) andMore Than a Secretary (1936). Neither film attracted much attention.[51]
Next, again without pause, she was reteamed with Cooper, playingCalamity Jane inCecil B. DeMille'sThe Plainsman (1936) on another loan, this time for Paramount Pictures. Arthur, who was De Mille's second choice afterMae West, described Calamity Jane as her favorite role thus far.[51]
In 1937, she appeared as a working girl, her typical role, inMitchell Leisen's screwball comedy,Easy Living (1937), withRay Milland. She followed this with another screwball comedy, Capra'sYou Can't Take It with You (1938), which teamed her withJames Stewart. The film won anAcademy Award for Best Picture, with Arthur getting top billing.
So strong was her box-office appeal by now that she was one of four finalists for the role ofScarlett O'Hara inGone with the Wind (1939). The film's producer, David O. Selznick, had briefly romanced Arthur in the late 1920s when they both were with Paramount. Arthur reunited with director Frank Capra and Stewart forMr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), with Arthur cast once again as a working woman, this time one who teaches the naïve Mr. Smith the ways of Washington, DC. Arthur was offered a third reunion with Capra and Stewart inIt's a Wonderful Life (1946), playing the role of Stewart's wife Mary (which eventually went toDonna Reed), but she refused to attendStephens College.[52]
Arthur continued to star in films such asHoward Hawks'Only Angels Have Wings (also 1939), withCary Grant,The Talk of the Town (1942), directed byGeorge Stevens (with Cary Grant andRonald Colman, working together for the only time, as Arthur's two leading men), and again for Stevens as a government clerk inThe More the Merrier (1943), for which Arthur was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Actress (losing toJennifer Jones forThe Song of Bernadette). As a result of being in dispute with studio boss Harry Cohn, her fee forThe Talk of the Town (1942) was only $50,000, while her male co-stars Grant and Colman received upwards of $100,000 each.
Arthur remained Columbia's top star until the mid-1940s, when she left the studio;Rita Hayworth took over as the studio's biggest name. Stevens famously called her "one of the greatest comediennes the screen has ever seen," while Capra credited her as "my favorite actress."[53]
Arthur announced her retirement when her contract with Columbia Pictures expired in 1944. She reportedly ran through the studio's streets, shouting "I'm free, I'm free!"[54] For the next several years, she turned down virtually all film offers, the two exceptions beingBilly Wilder'sA Foreign Affair (1948), in which she played a congresswoman and rival of Marlene Dietrich's, and as a homesteader's wife in Stevens' classic WesternShane (1953), which turned out to be the biggest box-office hit of her career. The latter was her final film, and the only color film in which she appeared.[55]
Arthur's postretirement work in theater was intermittent, somewhat curtailed by her unease and discomfort about working in public.[56] Capra claimed she vomited in her dressing room between scenes, yet emerged each time to perform a flawless take. According to John Oller's biography,Jean Arthur: The Actress Nobody Knew (1997), Arthur developed a kind ofstage fright punctuated with bouts ofpsychosomatic illnesses. A prime example was in 1945, when she was cast in the lead of theGarson Kanin playBorn Yesterday. Her nerves and insecurity got the better of her and she left the production before it reached Broadway, opening the door for a then-unknownJudy Holliday to take the part.[57][58] Nevertheless, Arthur appeared as Peter Pan in the 1950 Broadway musicalPeter Pan.[59]
AfterShane andA Foreign Affair, Arthur went into retirement for 11 years.
In 1965, the reclusive Arthur returned to show business to star in an episode ofGunsmoke, as Julie Blane in season 10, episode 24's "Thursday's Child". In 1966, she took on the role of Patricia Marshall, anattorney, on her own television sitcom,The Jean Arthur Show, which was cancelled midseason byCBS after only 12 episodes.
In 1967, Arthur was coaxed back to Broadway to appear as a Midwestern "spinster" who falls in with a group ofhippies in the playThe Freaking Out of Stephanie Blake. In his bookThe Season,William Goldman reconstructed the disastrous production, which eventually closed during previews when Arthur refused to go on.[60]
Arthur next decided to teach drama, first atVassar College and then theNorth Carolina School of the Arts.
While living in North Carolina, in 1973, Arthur made front-page news by being arrested and jailed fortrespassing on a neighbor's property to console a dog she felt was being mistreated.[61] An animal lover her entire life, Arthur said she trusted them more than people.[62] She was convicted, fined $75, and given three years' probation.[61]
After 11 performances ofFirst Monday in October in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1975, Arthur then retired for good, retreating to Driftwood Cottage, her oceanside home onCarmel Point at the southern city limits ofCarmel-by-the-Sea, California,[63] steadfastly refusing interviews until her resistance was broken down by the author of a book about Capra. Arthur once famously said that she would rather have her throat slit than give an interview.[64]
Arthur's first marriage, to photographer Julian Anker in 1928, wasannulled after one day.[65] She married producerFrank Ross, Jr. in 1932. They divorced in 1949.[66]
In 1979, lesbian actressPatsy Kelly told gay writerBoze Hadleigh that she believed Arthur was a lesbian.[67]
Arthur lived inCarmel-by-the-Sea, California, for 30 years,[68] and died fromheart failure on June 19, 1991,[69] at the age of 90.[66][70] No funeral service was held.[69] She was cremated, and her remains were scattered off the coast ofPoint Lobos, California.[71]
Driftwood Cottage, in Carmel Point, California, was once the home of Arthur and her mother Johanna Greene.[72][73] Arthur remodeled the house and created a large outdoor garden, with landscape artist George Hoy, in aJapanese architecture style, including a Japanese bronze dragon gate latch.[73]
Upon her death, film reviewerCharles Champlin wrote the following in theLos Angeles Times:
To at least one teenager in a small town (though I'm sure we were a multitude), Jean Arthur suggested strongly that the ideal woman could be – ought to be – judged by her spirit as well as her beauty … The notion of the woman as a friend and confidante, as well as someone you courted and were nuts about, someone whose true beauty was internal rather than external, became a full-blown possibility as we watched Jean Arthur.[74]
For her contribution to the motion-picture industry, Arthur has a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame at 6333 Hollywood Blvd.[75]
In 2014, Arthur was inducted into theHall of Great Western Performers at theNational Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum inOklahoma City.[76]
| Year | Program | Episode/source |
|---|---|---|
| 1937 | Lux Radio Theatre | Mr. Deeds Goes to Town[77] |
| 1937 | Lux Radio Theatre | The Plainsman |
| 1938 | Lux Radio Theatre | Seventh Heaven |
| 1939 | Lux Radio Theatre | Only Angels Have Wings |
| 1939 | Lux Radio Theatre | Pygmalion |
| 1940 | Screen Guild Theater | Jezebel |
| 1941 | Lux Radio Theatre | Remember the Night |
| 1943 | Lux Radio Theatre | The Talk of the Town |
| 1953 | Theatre Guild on the Air | The Grand Tour[78] |
