Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (13 April 1766,Bourg-en-Bresse – 17 June 1795,Paris)[1] was a politician of theFrench Revolution. He was a member of theNational Convention from 1793 to 1795, was sentenced to death after theRevolt of 1 Prairial Year III and committed suicide before he could be executed.
His grandfather, Claude Goujon, was director of a tax farm (les droits réunis) inDijon, and his father, Claude Alexandre Goujon, was atax farmer fromBourg-en-Bresse. On 9 February 1762, Claude Alexandre married Joan Margaret Nicole Ricard, daughter of Joseph Ricard, a barrister, and First Secretary of the Stewardship of Burgundy (born 1745). In 1774 the family moved toProvins.
The young Jean-Marie Goujon abandoned his studies after his father encountered financial difficulties, going first toDieppe and thenSaint-Malo to join the Navy. Having enlisted at the age of twelve as a seaman aboard theDiadême, he was on board theSaint-Esprit at theBattle of Ushant (1778) against the English fleet.[2] The next day he wrote his father a letter that was read aloud in the garden of thePalais Royal as a victory bulletin.[1]
After two years working for a merchant in Saint-Malo, he secured a job as sub-inspector of artillery crews inMorlaix, before being employed in the offices of the navy first atBrest, then in Saint-Malo. In 1783, seventeen years old, he moved toMauritius, where his uncle Ricard, future mayor ofPort-Louis, had a trading house. He came back in France the following year. In 1786, he became an attorney's clerk in Paris, where he befriended another young clerk,Pierre-François Tissot.[2] In May 1790 he joined his parents inRennes, where his father was director of the postal service, and entered the offices of theIntendant ofBrittany. In 1790, he settled atMeudon, nearParis, and resumed his education.
Goujon took part in the early days of the revolution, helping to seize weapons after the dismissal ofNecker and becoming a member of the council of the Légion du Châtelet. At the end of 1789, he acquired some academic recognition for his discourse offered as an entry for a prize from theAcademy of Dijon,"On the Influence of the Morals of Governments on those of the People", which was influenced byRousseau andMably. The prize was not awarded, by the Academy declared that only Goujon's entry had been of genuine interest to them.[1]
In 1791, he first came to the attention of the general public following his response to the letter ofRaynal, in which the Encyclopedist violently attacked the work of theConstituent Assembly. Later that year, he was living atMeudon and was invited to deliver the funeral address forMirabeau atVersailles.[1] He also became a member of the Society of the Friends of the Constitution (known as theJacobins) ofSèvres. In 1792 he was elected first as administrator, then, the day after thestorming of the Tuilleries, as Attorney-General of the Department ofSeine-et-Oise.
On 17 September 1792 Goujon became the sixth alternate deputy to theNational Convention for Seine-et-Oise, winning 410 out of 657 votes.
Engaged in the fight against high prices in autumn 1792, in November he wrote and presented to the Convention an address demanding the taxation of grain prices. In this he showed that the government's liberal economic policy had important social consequences: "The unlimited freedom of thegrain trade is incompatible with the existence of our Republic. And indeed, what constitutes a Republic? A small number of capitalists and a large number of poor... This class of capitalists and landlords, the unlimited freedom that makes mistress of grain prices, is also mistress of the establishment of the working day." He concluded by calling for land reform, with a maximum farm size of 120 acres (0.49 km2), and the central management of essential supplies, with its members elected by the people.[2] He also argued in favour of a law establishing thegeneral maximum, thus introducing price controls. At the time the Convention was dominated by theGironde, so his proposal was rejected. Only when the Jacobins took power was a Commission on Subsistence and Provisions set up, in October 1793. On 5Brumaire Year II (26 October 1793) Goujon became one of its three commissioners, and played a major role in this post in establishing the fixed prices that were to be enforced under the general maximum.[2] Having completed this work, Goujon resigned from the Commission on 2Ventôse (20 February 1794).
Soon after, he was assigned to a diplomatic mission toIstanbul,[3] but never actually went on it. From 5–8 April 1794 he served as interimForeign Minister andInterior Minister, and on 26Germinal (15 April)[4] afterHérault de Séchelles was guillotined, Goujon took his seat as a member of the Convention.[2]
On 12Floréal (1 May) he was appointed by theCommittee of Public Safety to beReprésentant en mission to theVar,Bouches-du-Rhône andAlpes-Maritimes, but appears not to have actually gone there either. Instead, on 17Prairial (15 June) he was appointedReprésentant en mission to theArmies of theRhine and theMoselle.[5] He did take up this post, accompanied by Tissot as his secretary, and together withNicolas Hentz andPierre Bourbotte, took part in the campaign which conquered thePalatinate.[2]
Goujon was inThionville when news reached him of the fall ofRobespierre in theThermidorian Reaction. He wrote to the Convention on 13Thermidor to congratulate it on its victory, and his letter was read aloud from the tribune.[6] He was recalled by order of the Committee of Public Safety on 23 Thermidor (10 August). Reaching Paris on 10Fructidor (27 August),[5] he soon found himself increasingly at odds with those now in power.
On 12 Fructidor (29 August) he defended the seven members of the former committees who had been attacked byLaurent Lecointre. On 20PluviôseYear III (8 February 1795) he responded to the arrest ofGracchus Babeuf and the closure of political clubs by proposing a decree against those who attacked the rights of man and the constitution. On 18Ventôse (8 March) he was the only deputy with sufficient courage to vote against the readmission to the Convention ofJean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai and other survivors of theGirondin party, who he felt would be too much inclined to avenge old wrongs.
On 21Ventôse (11 March) he complained that people who had previously been described as patriots were now being subjected to the vague designation of "terrorists", and claimed that this "vague designation" had been invented by men who wished to stir dissent by placing suspicion on every head.[7] On 1Germinal (21 March) he fought against the police bill proposed byEmmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, and whenJean-Lambert Tallien attacked theConstitution of Year I, Goujon threatened him with the anger of the people.
When the populace invaded the legislature on the1 Prairial Year III (20 May 1795), he proposed the immediate establishment of a special commission to ensure delivery of the changes demanded by the insurgents and assume the functions of the various committees.[8]
The failure of the Prairial insurrection led to the immediate fall of those deputies who had supported the demands of the populace. Before the close of the sitting, Goujon, withGilbert Romme,Jean-Michel Duroy,Adrien Duquesnoy,Pierre Bourbotte,Pierre-Aimable de Soubrany, and others were placed under arrest by their colleagues. Taken out of Paris, he and his fellow prisoners had a narrow escape from a mob atAvranches on their way to thechâteau du Taureau (fr) inBrittany.[8] While being held in prison there, he composed revolutionary poetry.[9]
They were brought back to Paris for trial before a military commission on 17 June, although no proof of their complicity in organizing the insurrection could be found. (In fact, with the exception of Goujon and Bourbotte, the accused did not know each other). They weresentenced to death. In accordance with a pre-arranged plan, they attemptedsuicide on the staircase leading from the courtroom with a knife that Goujon had concealed. Goujon succeeded, as did Romme, Bourbotte and Soubrany[10] but the others merely wounded themselves, before being taken immediately to theguillotine.[8]
Before his suicide, he said: "I swore to defend her (i.e.the Constitution of Year I) and die for her, I die happy not to have betrayed my oath... I would die happier if I were certain that after me, she would not be destroyed and replaced by another constitution (i.e.the Constitution of Year III) where equality is disregarded, rights violated, and that the masses will be completely subservient to the rich, sole masters of the government and of the state."
On 3 April 1793, inMettray, Goujon married Lise (Marie) Cormery (1771-1843), daughter of an administrator of the département ofIndre-et-Loire.Camille Desmoulins praised Goujon's letter proposing marriage to Lise Cornery, with its patriotic sentiments, as an example of upright citizenship.[11] They had one son, Philarète, an architect, born in Paris on 28Frimaire Year III (18 December 1794), who died without issue atTours on 28 December 1832.[2][12]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Goujon, Jean Marie Claude Alexandre".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 283.In turn, it cites as references:| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Minister of Foreign Affairs 8 April 1794 – 20 April 1794 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Minister of the Interior 8 April 1794 – 20 April 1794 | Succeeded by |
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