By the time Juncker left office as prime minister in 2013, he was the longest-serving head of any national government in the EU and one of the longest-serving democratically elected leaders in the world, with his tenure encompassing the height of theEuropean financial and sovereign debt crisis.[1] In 2005, he became the first permanent President of theEurogroup.[2]
In 2014, theEuropean People's Party (EPP) had Juncker as its lead candidate, orSpitzenkandidat, for the presidency of the Commission in the2014 elections. This marked the first time that theSpitzenkandidat process was employed.[3] Juncker is the first president to have campaigned as a candidate for the position prior to the election, a process introduced with theTreaty of Lisbon. The EPP won 220 out of 751 seats in theParliament. On 27 June 2014, theEuropean Council officially nominated Juncker for the position,[4][5][6] and theEuropean Parliament elected him on 15 July 2014 with 422 votes out of the 729 cast.[7] He took office on 1 November 2014 and served until 30 November 2019, when he was succeeded byUrsula von der Leyen.[8]
Juncker was born inRedange and spent the majority of his childhood inBelvaux. His father, Joseph, was a steel worker and Christian trade unionist who was forcibly conscripted into the GermanWehrmacht duringWorld War II, following theNazi occupation of Luxembourg.[10] Juncker has often remarked that the horrors of war he heard from his father's experiences had a profound influence in shaping his views on the need forEuropean reconciliation and integration.[11][12] His mother was born Marguerite Hecker.[13] He studied at the Roman Catholicécole apostolique (secondary school) atClairefontaine on the edge ofArlon in Belgium, before returning to Luxembourg to study for his Baccalaureate atLycée Michel Rodange. He joined theChristian Social People's Party in 1974.[14] He studied law at theUniversity of Strasbourg, graduating with a master's degree in 1979; although he was sworn into the LuxembourgBar Council in 1980, he never practised as a lawyer.
Juncker grew up in Belvaux, in the commune ofSanem in thecanton of Esch-sur-Alzette in the south of Luxembourg. Dominated by coal and steel manufacturing, the neighbourhood was home to a multicultural workforce of Italian and Portuguese immigrants. This social environment influenced Juncker's way of thinking and his ideology of integration and togetherness.
Juncker's father was heavily wounded during his service in theWehrmacht at the Eastern Front, which left him visibly scarred. Throughout his life, Joseph Juncker was also a member of the Christian Labour Union, and he took his son to several union and party meetings, which impacted his son's political views even in his early days. Having come from a poor family, he made central to his political ideology the fight against social inequalities, and for equal opportunities and fairness for all people. Jean-Claude went to a Jesuit Boarding school close to the border of Belgium; as a schoolboy, Juncker negotiated and debated with the school's administrators on behalf of his classmates. Juncker was one of twelve children in a large household, where money was tight; he learned from a young age the importance of saving. This experience proved useful during his later role as Minister of Finance.[15]
At the1989 election, Juncker was promoted to becomeMinister for Finance in theSanter-Poos II Government, a post traditionally seen as arite of passage to the country's premiership. His eventual promotion to prime minister seemed at this time inevitable, with political commentators concluding that Santer was grooming Juncker as his successor. Juncker at this time also accepted the position of Luxembourg's representative on the 188-member Board of Governors of theWorld Bank.[14] In the autumn of 1989, Juncker was seriously injured in a road accident, spending two weeks in a coma and six months in a wheelchair.[14] He has stated that the accident has caused him difficulty with balancing since.[16]
Juncker's second election to Parliament, in 1989, saw him gain prominence within theEuropean Union; Juncker chaired theCouncil of Economic and Financial Affairs (ECOFIN), during Luxembourg's 1991 presidency of the Council of the European Communities, becoming a key architect of theMaastricht Treaty.[14] Juncker was largely responsible for clauses onEconomic and Monetary Union, the process that would eventually give rise to the euro, as well as in particular is credited with devising the "opt-out" principle for the UK to assuage its concerns.[14] Juncker was himself a signatory to the Treaty in 1992, having, by that time, taken over as parliamentary leader of the Christian Social People's Party.[14]
Juncker was re-elected to the Chamber in 1994, maintaining his ministerial role. With Santer ready to be nominated as the nextpresident of the European Commission, it was only six months later thatGrand Duke Jean approved the appointment of Juncker as prime minister on 20 January 1995, as part of a coalition with theLuxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. Juncker relinquished his post at the World Bank at this time but maintained his position as Minister for Finance.[14]
Juncker's first term as prime minister was focused on an economic platform of international bilateral ties to improve Luxembourg's profile abroad, which included a number of official visits abroad. During one such visit, toDublin in December 1996, Juncker successfully mediated a dispute over his own EU Economic and Monetary Union policy betweenFrench presidentJacques Chirac andGerman chancellorHelmut Kohl. The press dubbed Juncker the "Hero of Dublin" for achieving an unlikely consensus between the two.[17]
1997 brought the rotating presidency of the European Council to Luxembourg, during which time Juncker championed the cause ofsocial integration in Europe, along with constituting the so-called "Luxembourg Process" for integrated European policy against unemployment. He also instigated the "Euro 11", an informal group of European finance ministers for matters regarding his Economic and Monetary Union ideals. For all of these initiatives, he was honoured with theVision for Europe Award in 1998.[18]
Juncker succeeded in winning another term as prime minister in the1999 election, although the coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party was broken in favour of one with theDemocratic Party. After the2004 election, the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party became the second largest party again, and Juncker again formed a coalition with them.[14]
In 2005, Juncker inherited a second term as President of the European Council. Shortly after the expiration of his term cameLuxembourg's referendum on ratification, and Juncker staked his political career on its success, promising to resign if the referendum failed. The final result was a 56.5% Yes vote on an 88% turnout. His continued allegiance to European ideals earned him the 2006Karlspreis. In 2009, he denounced the lifting of the excommunication of controversial BishopRichard Williamson, a member of theSociety of Saint Pius X.[19]
Juncker with French prime ministerFrançois Fillon on 29 October 2009
On 19 November 2012,RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg aired a story alleging that the former head of theState Intelligence Service (SREL), Marco Mille, had used a wristwatch to covertly record a confidential conversation with Juncker in 2008.[21][22] According to the report, although Juncker had later found out about the recording, he took no action against Mille and allowed him to leave the service in 2010 for a position withSiemens.[21][23] A transcript of the conversation was published byD'Lëtzebuerger Land, which highlighted the disorganised state of the secret service, mentioned links betweenGrand Duke Henri andMI6 and referred to the"Bommeleeër" scandal.[24][25] On 4 December 2012, theChamber of Deputies voted to set up a Parliamentary Inquiry into allegations of SREL misconduct including the illegal bugging of politicians, purchase of cars for private use and allegations of taking payments and favours in exchange for access to officials.[26][27] The inquiry heard from witnesses who claimed that SREL had conducted six or seven illegal wiretapping operations between 2007 and 2009, as well as covert operations in Iraq, Cuba and Libya.[28][29] The report concluded that Juncker had to bear political responsibility for SREL's activities, that he had been deficient in his control over the service and that he had failed to report all of the service's irregularities to the enquiry commission.[27][30] Juncker himself denied wrongdoing.[31]
Juncker with Greek prime ministerAntonis Samaras on 22 August 2012
After a seven-hour debate in the Chamber of Deputies on 10 July, the withdrawal of support from the Christian Social People's Party's coalition partner, theLuxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP), forced Juncker to agree to new elections.[32]Alex Bodry, President of LSAP and Chair of the Parliamentary Inquiry into SREL, declared his lack of confidence in Juncker, saying: "We invite the prime minister to take full political responsibility in this context and ask the government to intervene with the head of state to clear the path for new elections."[31] Juncker tendered his resignation to the Grand Duke on 11 July.[27] After theelection, the CSV entered the opposition for the first time in 34 years and Juncker was succeeded on 4 December 2013 byXavier Bettel.[33]
In 2004, the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers decided to replace the rotating chairmanship with a permanent president. Juncker was appointed as the first permanent president and assumed the chair on 1 January 2005. He was re-appointed for a second term in September 2006.[34] Under the Lisbon Treaty, this system was formalised and Juncker was confirmed for another term.[35] Juncker stepped down on 21 January 2013, when he was succeeded by Dutch finance ministerJeroen Dijsselbloem.[36]
During his period as "Mr. Euro", the group was instrumental in negotiating and supervising bailout packages for the countries that faced bankruptcy: Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus.[37]
Juncker was also an outspoken proponent of enhanced internal cooperation and increased international representation of the group.[38]
In a debate in 2011, during the height of the eurozone crisis, Juncker responded to a conference-goer's suggestion to increase the openness of the strategy discussions in the eurogroup, by stating: "When it becomes serious you have to lie".[39] Scholars of financial markets have remarked that the quote is often taken out of context by critics; best practice amongst monetary policy committees in most states is to keep negotiations on decisions confidential to prevent markets from betting against troubled countries until they are finalised. This need is complicated by the Eurozone's arrangements, in which policy negotiations are held in high-profile international summits of Eurozone finance ministers, where leaks of ongoing negotiations may potentially put "millions of people at risk".[39] Indeed, the quote continues;
Monetary policy is a serious issue. We should discuss this in secret, in the Eurogroup. ... The same applies to economic and monetary policies in the Union. If we indicate possible decisions, we are fuelling speculations on the financial markets and we are throwing in misery mainly the people we are trying to safeguard from this. ... I'm ready to be insulted as being insufficiently democratic, but I want to be serious, ... I am for secret, dark debates.
— Juncker, on the constraints to openness from market actors during the financial crisis, 20 April 2011.[40] This comment has been considered a quip.[41]
He further stated that when asked by a journalist to comment on those meetings he had had to lie, making clear it went against his personal moral conviction as a Catholic.[42]
Juncker delivering a speech at the election congress of the People's Party in March 2014
For the first time in 2014, thePresident of the European Commission was appointed under the new provisions established with the Treaty of Lisbon, which had entered into force after the 2009Elections to the European Parliament, on 1 December 2009. Juncker's aideMartin Selmayr played a central role in his campaign and later during his presidency as Juncker's campaign director, head of Juncker's transition team and finally as Juncker's head of cabinet (chief of staff).
The campaign bus of Juncker used for the 2014 election
Almost all majorEuropean political parties put forward a lead candidate, orspitzenkandidat for their respective election campaign. At the election Congress of theEuropean People's Party (EPP), held inDublin on 6–7 March, Jean-Claude Juncker was elected the party's lead candidate for President of the commission, defeatingMichel Barnier. The congress also adopted the EPP election manifesto, which was used by Juncker during his campaign.[43][44][45]
In the main debate between the candidates, transmitted live throughout Europe on 16 May via theEuropean Broadcasting Union, all candidates agreed that it would be unacceptable if theEuropean Council would propose someone as Commission President who had not publicly campaigned for the position ahead of the election.[46]
In the 22–25 May elections, the EPP won the most parliamentary seats of all parties (221 of 751) but was short of a majority in its own right.[47]
On 27 May, the leaders of five of the sevenpolitical groups of the parliament issued a statement that Jean-Claude Juncker, being the lead candidate of the party which won a plurality of the seats, should be given the first attempt to form the required majority to be elected Commission president. Only the ECR and EFD disagreed to this process.[48][49]
Juncker with Ukrainian PMArseniy Yatseniuk, EPP summit in Brussels, 20 March 2014
Later on 27 May, the European Council gave its president,Herman van Rompuy, the mandate to start consultations with the group leaders in the European Parliament to identify the best possible candidate. Having less influence over the appointment than under pre-Lisbon law, the Council instead made use of its right to set the strategic priorities and included discussions with Parliament leaders and Council members alike for a strategic agenda for the upcoming period in Rompuy's mandate.
During the consultations, Juncker and the EPP agreed to cooperation with theProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the second largest group in the new parliament, as well as secured the backing of all but two member state leaders. In return for their support, the centre-left group and state leaders secured promises of a shift in focus away from austerity towards growth and job creation for the coming period, as well as promises of some of the top jobs.[51][52][53][54]
Juncker with Greek prime ministerAlexis Tsipras in Brussels in March 2015Juncker with U.S. vice presidentJoe Biden in June 2015Juncker with Russian presidentVladimir Putin and German chancellorAngela Merkel in November 2015G7 leaders in Japan, 26 May 2016Indian PMNarendra Modi with Juncker andDonald Tusk at the EU-India Summit,Brussels, 2016Juncker meets with President of the European CouncilDonald Tusk and U.S. presidentDonald Trump in Brussels, 25 May 2017.Juncker with Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy in Brussels in June 2019
The European Council officially proposed Juncker to Parliament as a candidate for the presidency on 27 June, together with a strategic agenda that set out policy priorities for the upcoming Commission mandate period.[55]
For the first time, the nomination was not by consensus, but the European Council voted 26–2 to propose Juncker for the position. Voting against were British PMDavid Cameron (Conservative Party /AECR) and Hungarian PMViktor Orbán (Fidesz /EPP), both of whom had frequently opposed Juncker during the election process. Prior to the vote, various media had reported the heads of government of Sweden, Netherlands and Germany were also having similar concerns regarding either the candidate himself, or the way the nomination process was conducted.[56][57] This was however never confirmed by the politicians in question.
Once Juncker had been nominated by the Council he started visiting all of the political groups of the European Parliament in order to explain his visions as well as gain their support in order to get appointed as Commission President. The purpose was also to show that he had understood some criticism levelled by Eurosceptics in Brussels. This was demonstrated when the former prime minister of Luxembourg told the ECR lawmakers that "[d]espite what you may read in the British press, I do not want a United States of Europe," as well as "I do not believe that Europe can be constructed against the nation state."[58]
On 15 July, Juncker presented his political programme to the European Parliament in plenary. Following a debate, the MEPs appointed Juncker to the position of Commission President with 422 votes in favour, well over the 376 required, and 250 votes against.[59]
On 25 July 2016, Juncker said thatTurkey was not in a position to become a member of the European Union in the near future and thataccession negotiations between the EU and Turkey would be stopped immediately if the death penalty was brought back.[60]
In early November 2014, just days after becoming head of the commission, Juncker was hit by media disclosures—derived from a document leak known asLuxLeaks—that Luxembourg under his premiership had turned into a major European centre of corporatetax avoidance. With the aid of the Luxembourg government, companies transferred tax liability for many billions of euros to Luxembourg, where the income was taxed at a fraction of 1%. Juncker, who in a speech in Brussels in July 2014 promised to "try to put some morality, some ethics, into the European tax landscape", was sharply criticised following the leaks.[61] A subsequentmotion of censure in the European Parliament was brought against Juncker over his role in the tax avoidance schemes. The motion was defeated by a large majority.[62] During his tenure, Juncker also oversaw the 2014 opening of theLuxembourg Freeport, which former German Member of European Parliament Wolf Klinz dubbed "fertile ground for money laundering and tax evasion".[63]
In January 2017, leaked diplomatic cables showed that Juncker, as Luxembourg's prime minister from 1995 until the end of 2013, blocked EU efforts to fight tax avoidance by multinational corporations. Luxembourg agreed to multinational businesses on an individualised deal basis, often at an effective rate of less than 1%.[64]
In July 2017, Juncker described the European Parliament as "ridiculous" after only a few dozenMEPs came to attend a debate dedicated to evaluatingMalta's time holding the 6-month term rotatingPresidency of the Council of the EU, accusing MEPs of showing a lack of respect for smaller EU countries.[65] Although rebuked for his remark by the Parliament's president,Antonio Tajani, Juncker responded, "I will never again attend a meeting of this kind."[65]Jaume Duch Guillot, chief spokesman for the Parliament, later said on Twitter that Juncker "regretted" the incident and that Tajani considered the case closed. However, it is not known whether Juncker apologised for his outburst.[66]
In addition to his nativeLuxembourgish, Juncker is fluent in English, French and German, and also speaksLatin.[67]
Juncker suffers fromsciatica attacks following his 1989 car accident, which causes him occasional unsteadiness while walking.[68] A video of Juncker stumbling and receiving assistance from several EU politicians at a NATO leaders' event in July 2018 prompted comments about his health, though his spokesman dismissed the concerns.[69]
Speculations about alcoholism surrounded Juncker for several years and have been discussed by several high-profile EU politicians.[70] In 2014,Jeroen Dijsselbloem, at the timeDutch minister of finance, described Juncker in an interview as a "heavy smoker and drinker", but later apologized for his comments.[71] Juncker himself has always denied these allegations in interviews, describing them as hurtful.[16][72][68]
Juncker is married to Christiane Frising. The couple have no children.[citation needed]
^SPIEGEL staff (19 June 2014)."Commission Crusade: Cameron Outmaneuvered in Battle over Juncker".Spiegel Online. Retrieved3 September 2019.his 90-year-old father burst into tears when a tabloid accused him of Nazi association. (The older Juncker was forceably recruited into the Wehrmacht following the occupation of Luxembourg.)
^Juncker, Jean-Claude (11 December 2006).The State of Europe (Speech). Lecture. University of Luxembourg: CVCE.EU by UNI.LU. Retrieved3 September 2019.
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