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Jean-Baptiste Chavannes

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Haitian abolitionist and soldier

This article is about the colonial-era rebel and abolitionist. For the modern agronomist, seeJean-Baptiste Chavannes (agronomist).

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Jean-Baptiste Chavannes
Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Chavannes by J. Verschueren
Born	c.1748 (1748) Grande-Rivière-du-Nord,Saint-Domingue (laterHaiti)
Died	23 February 1791 (aged 42–43) Cap-Français
Known for	Rebel soldier (Vincent Ogé's right hand), serving in theChasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Domingue regiment

Jean-Baptiste Chavannes (c. 1748 – 23 February 1791) was a Dominican Creole abolitionist, and rebel soldier. He was a leader in a failed uprising againstFrench colonial rule in the colony ofSaint-Domingue in 1790.^[1] He was executed by French authorities in 1791.^[1]

Biography

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He was the son of richmulatto parents, and received a good education. Chevannes joined the expedition commanded byCharles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing that was sent to assist the U.S.Continental Army in Haiti.^[2] He distinguished himself during the operations inVirginia andNew York, and specially during the retreat fromSavannah in December 1778. Once the independence of theAmerican colonies had been accomplished, Chavannes returned toSaint-Domingue.^[3]

Chavannes welcomingOgé on his arrival in Saint-Domingue

WhenVincent Ogé landed nearCap-Français, 23 October 1790, intending to create an agitation amongst the people of African descent in favor of their political rights, Chavannes sided with him. Chavannes wanted all the slaves to be declared free, but Ogé did not follow his advice, and informed the assembly of his intention to take the opposite course. The mulattoes raised a force of about 1,000 men.^[3]

The mulattoes being defeated by the colonists, Ogé, Chavannes, and a few others took refuge in theSpanish part of the island, and the Saint Dominican assembly asked for their extradition, according to treaty. The jurist Vicente Faura made a powerful plea in their favor, and the king of Spain gave him a decoration, but theRoyal Audiencia of Santo Domingo decided against the refugees, who were delivered to the Saint Dominican authorities on 21 December 1790.^[3]

Two months later Chavannes and Ogé were sentenced to be hammered to death, and the sentence was executed in the presence of the provincial assembly and authorities of Cap-Français.^[3]