| Jaya Simhavarman III | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Champa arddharāja | |||||||||
| King of Champa | |||||||||
| Reign | 1288–1307 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Indravarman V | ||||||||
| Successor | Jaya Simhavarman IV | ||||||||
| Born | Unknown Champa | ||||||||
| Died | 1307 Champa | ||||||||
| Spouse | Bhāskaradevī Tapasi Paramecvari (Huyền Trân) | ||||||||
| Issue | Jaya Sinhavarman IV Chế Năng | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Indravarman V | ||||||||
| Mother | Gaurendraksmi | ||||||||
Jaya Simhavarman III (r. 1288 - 1307),Chế Mân (制旻),[1] orPrince Harijit, son of King Indravarman V[2]: 211 and Queen Gaurendraksmi, was a king ofChampa during a time when the threat of theMongols was imminent. He held the title thehalf-king/junior king (arddharāja) on behalf of his father.[3]
In 1282,Kublai Khan tried to gain passage through Champa of his ambassadors, but Chế Mân took them prisoner. Kublai Khan then asked theTrần dynasty of Đại Việt for entrance into Champa but received the same denial.[4] In early 1283, Kublai dispatched a fleet of 100 warships led by Sogetu and invaded Champa.[5] The battle hardened Yuan troops with their naval and armor superiority quickly drove the Cham out of the capital ofVijaya. Indravarman V and Crown Prince Harijit fled into the mountains, waging guerilla resistance against the enemy and refused to surrender, forcing the Mongols to suffer heat, illness, humidity, lack of supplies and desertion. Sogetu then requested Kublai for reinforcement and supplies.[6] Yuan logistics and reinforcement fleet of 20,000 troops and 200 warships under Qutuq and Ariq Qaya arrived in Champa in April 1284. Due to lack of coordination, the Yuan fleet had to catch up Sogetu's forces, whom already marched north to present-dayHuế and blazed a trait of destruction on Cham port-cities along his way north.[7] Indravarman and Harijit were still rejecting Kublai's current demands and delivered excuses to the Khan, which Kublai found dishonored.[7]
Facing unexpected Cham defiance, Kublai ordered his eleventh son PrinceToghon to organize a land invasion of Champa through Dai Viet.[8] The Dai Viet king then allied with Champa. They defeated Yuan forces in June 1285 atbattle of Chuong Duong.[9] The death of the top Mongol leader, Sagatou, was the beginning of the end of the Mongol invasion of Champa and Annam.[10]: 82–87
The mutual struggle against the Mongols brought Đại Việt and Champa closer together. Thus, the Đại Việt emperorTrần Nhân Tông married off his daughter,Huyen Tran, to Chế Mân in exchange for the provinces ofChau O (Cham:Vuyar) and Chau Ly (Cham:Ulik). His other "first rank wife", or "first queen", was Princess Bhaskaradevi, though he also married a princess from Java, Queen Tapasi.[10]: 86–87, 205 [11]
However, Chế Mân died soon after and the Princess Huyen Tranrefusal to die with her husband was considered a national disgrace to Champa. In response to this, Chế Mân's son,Che Chi, set out to recapture two districts ceded by Champa to Đại Việt. He was defeated, however, and died a prisoner in Đại Việt.[12]
When Simhavarman was still a prince/junior-king, he authorized the construction of a temple dedicating for the Lady of Kauṭhāra atPo Nagar temple,Nha Trang in 1277.[3]
During his proper reign, Simhavarman donated several structures and pavilions toPo Klaung Garai atPhan Rang.[13] He also initiated the construction of Yang Prong, another religious temple located inEa Súp district,Đắk Lắk province,Central Highlands.[14][15]
| Preceded by Indravarman V 1265–1288 | King of Champa 1288–1307 | Succeeded by Jaya Sinhavarman IV 1307–1312 |