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Jakarta EE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromJava Platform, Enterprise Edition)
Set of specifications extending Java SE
Jakarta EE
Jakarta EE logo schooner color stacked default
Player softwareJava
Programming language(s)Java
Application(s)Application server
StatusActive
LicenseEclipse Public License orGNU General Public License w/Classpath exception
Websitejakarta.ee
Java platform editions

Jakarta EE, formerlyJava Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) andJava 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extendingJava SE[1] with specifications for enterprise features such asdistributed computing andweb services.[2] Jakarta EE applications are run onreference runtimes, which can bemicroservices orapplication servers, which handle transactions, security, scalability,concurrency and management of the components they are deploying.

Jakarta EE is defined by itsspecification. The specification definesAPIs (application programming interface) and their interactions. As with otherJava Community Process specifications, providers must meet certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products asJakarta EE compliant.

Examples of contexts in which Jakarta EE referencing runtimes are used are:e-commerce,accounting,bankinginformation systems.

History

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The platform created bySun Microsystems was known asJava 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition orJ2EE from version 1.2, until the name was changed toJava Platform, Enterprise Edition orJava EE in version 1.5.

AfterSun was acquired in 2009, Java EE was maintained byOracle under theJava Community Process. On September 12, 2017,Oracle Corporation announced that it would submit Java EE to theEclipse Foundation.[3] The Eclipse top-level project has been named Eclipse Enterprise for Java (EE4J).[4] The Eclipse Foundation could not agree with Oracle over the use ofjavax and Java trademarks.[5] Oracle owns the trademark for the name "Java" and the platform was renamed from Java EE to Jakarta EE.[6][7] The name refers to the largest city on the island ofJava and also the capital of Indonesia,Jakarta.[8] The name should not be confused with the formerJakarta Project which fostered a number of current and former Java projects at theApache Software Foundation.

Java enterprise platform history
Platform versionRelease[9]SpecificationJava SE SupportImportant Changes
Jakarta EE 112025-06-26[10]11
  • Java SE 21
  • Java SE 17
Data
Jakarta EE 102022-09-22[11]10
  • Java SE 17
  • Java SE 11
Removal of deprecated items in Servlet, Faces, CDI and EJB (Entity Beans and Embeddable Container). CDI-Build Time.
Jakarta EE 9.12021-05-25[12]9.1
  • Java SE 11
  • Java SE 8
JDK 11 support
Jakarta EE 92020-12-08[13]9Java SE 8API namespace move fromjavax tojakarta
Jakarta EE 82019-09-10[14]8Java SE 8Full compatibility with Java EE 8
Java EE 82017-08-31JSR 366Java SE 8HTTP/2 and CDI basedSecurity
Java EE 72013-05-28JSR 342Java SE 7WebSocket,JSON andHTML5 support
Java EE 62009-12-10JSR 316Java SE 6CDI managed Beans and REST
Java EE 52006-05-11JSR 244Java SE 5Java annotations andGenerics in Java
J2EE 1.42003-11-11JSR 151J2SE 1.4WS-I interoperable web services[15]
J2EE 1.32001-09-24JSR 58J2SE 1.3Java connector architecture[16]
J2EE 1.21999-12-171.2J2SE 1.2Initial specification release

Specifications

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Jakarta EE includes several specifications that serve different purposes, like generating web pages, reading and writing from a database in a transactional way, and managing distributed queues.

The Jakarta EE APIs include several technologies that extend the functionality of the baseJava SEAPIs, such asJakarta Enterprise Beans,connectors,servlets,Jakarta Server Pages and severalweb service technologies.

Web specifications

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  • Jakarta Servlet: defines how to manage HTTP requests, in a synchronous or asynchronous way. It is low level and other Jakarta EE specifications rely on it;
  • Jakarta WebSocket: API specification that defines a set of APIs to serviceWebSocket connections;
  • Jakarta Faces: a technology for constructing user interfaces out of components;
  • Jakarta Expression Language (EL) is a simple language originally designed to satisfy the specific needs of web application developers. It is used specifically in Jakarta Faces to bind components to (backing) beans and in Contexts and Dependency Injection to named beans, but can be used throughout the entire platform.

Web service specifications

[edit]

Enterprise specifications

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  • Jakarta Activation (JAF) specifies an architecture to extend component Beans by providing data typing and bindings of such types.
  • Jakarta Contexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) is a specification to provide adependency injection container;
  • Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) specification defines a set of lightweight APIs that an object container (the EJB container) will support in order to providetransactions (usingJTA),remote procedure calls (usingRMI orRMI-IIOP),concurrency control,dependency injection andaccess control for business objects. This package contains the Jakarta Enterprise Beans classes and interfaces that define the contracts between the enterprise bean and its clients and between the enterprise bean and the ejb container.
  • Jakarta Persistence (JPA) are specifications about object-relational mapping between relation database tables and Java classes.
  • Jakarta Transactions (JTA) contains the interfaces and annotations to interact with the transaction support offered by Jakarta EE. Even though this API abstracts from the really low-level details, the interfaces are also considered somewhat low-level and the average application developer in Jakarta EE is either assumed to be relying on transparent handling of transactions by the higher level EJB abstractions, or using the annotations provided by this API in combination with CDI managed beans.
  • Jakarta Messaging (JMS) provides a common way for Java programs to create, send, receive and read an enterprise messaging system's messages.

Other specifications

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  • Jakarta Validation: This package contains the annotations and interfaces for the declarative validation support offered by theJakarta Validation API. Jakarta Validation provides a unified way to provide constraints on beans (e.g. Jakarta Persistence model classes) that can be enforced cross-layer. In Jakarta EE, Jakarta Persistence honors bean validation constraints in the persistence layer, whileJSF does so in the view layer.
  • Jakarta Batch provides the means forbatch processing in applications to run long running background tasks that possibly involve a large volume of data and which may need to be periodically executed.
  • Jakarta Connectors is a Java-based tool for connecting application servers and enterprise information systems (EIS) as part of enterprise application integration (EAI). This is a low-level API aimed at vendors that the average application developer typically does not come in contact with.

Web profile

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In an attempt to limit the footprint of web containers, both in physical and in conceptual terms, the web profile was created, a subset of the Jakarta EE specifications. The Jakarta EE web profile comprises the following:

SpecificationJava EE 6[17]Java EE 7[18]Java EE 8[19]
Jakarta EE 8[20]
Jakarta EE 9[21]
Jakarta EE 9.1[22]
Jakarta EE 10[23]Jakarta EE 11
Jakarta Servlet3.03.14.05.06.06.1
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP)2.22.32.33.03.14.0
Jakarta Expression Language (EL)2.23.03.04.05.06.0
Jakarta Debugging Support for Other Languages (JSR-45)1.01.01.02.02.02.0
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL)1.21.21.22.03.03.0
Jakarta Faces2.02.22.33.04.04.1
Jakarta RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS)1.12.02.13.03.14.0
Jakarta WebSocket (WebSocket)1.01.12.02.12.2
Jakarta JSON Processing (JSON-P)1.01.12.02.12.1
Jakarta JSON Binding (JSON-B)1.12.03.03.0
Jakarta Annotations (CA)1.11.21.32.02.13.0
Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB)3.1 Lite3.2 Lite3.2 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite4.0 Lite
Jakarta Transactions (JTA)1.11.21.22.02.02.0
Jakarta Persistence (JPA)2.02.12.23.03.13.2
JakartaBean Validation1.01.12.03.03.03.1
Jakarta Managed Beans1.01.01.02.0N/a
Jakarta Interceptors1.11.21.22.02.12.2
JakartaContexts and Dependency Injection (CDI)1.01.12.03.04.04.1
Jakarta Dependency Injection1.01.01.02.02.02.0
Jakarta Security1.02.03.04.0
Jakarta Authentication1.01.12.03.03.1
Jakarta Concurrency3.03.1

Certified referencing runtimes

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Although by definition all Jakarta EE implementations provide the same base level of technologies (namely, the Jakarta EE spec and the associated APIs), they can differ considerably with respect to extra features (likeconnectors,clustering,fault tolerance,high availability,security, etc.), installed size,memory footprint, startup time, etc.

Jakarta EE

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Referencing runtime[24][25][26]DeveloperJakarta EE 10 PlatformJakarta EE 9/9.1 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 9/9.1 Web Profile Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Platform Compatible ProductsJakarta EE 8 Web Profile Compatible ProductsLicensing
GlassFishEclipseYes 7.0.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 6.0.0/ 6.1.0Yes 5.1.0Yes 5.1.0Free software
Open LibertyIBMYes 22.0.0.13-beta,[27] 23.0.0.3[28]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Yes 19.0.0.6, 20.0.0.3Free software
WebSphere LibertyIBMYes 23.0.0.3[28]Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 21.0.0.12Yes 20.0.0.3Yes 20.0.0.3Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes 27.0.0.Alpha5Yes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 23.0.1-Preview/25.0.0-PreviewYes 18.0.0Yes 18.0.0Free software
JBoss EAPRed HatYes 8.0.0NoNoYes 7.3.0Yes 7.3.0Free software
TomEEApacheYes 10.xYes 9.xYes 9.xYes 8.xYes 8.xFree software
Payara ServerPayara Services LimitedYes 6.2022.1 Alpha 4Yes 6.2021.1 Alpha 1NoYes 5.22.0, 5.23.0Yes 5.23.0Free software
Thunisoft Application ServerBeijing Thunisoft Information TechnologyNoYes 3.0NoYes 2.8NoProprietary software
JEUSTmaxSoftNoNoNoYes 8.5NoProprietary software
InforSuite Application ServerShandong Cvicse MiddlewareNoYes 11NoYes 10NoProprietary software
WebOTXNECYes 12NoNoYes 11NoProprietary software

Java EE

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Referencing runtimeDeveloperJava EE 8 certified – FullJava EE 8 certified – WebJava EE 7 certified – FullJava EE 7 certified – WebJava EE 6 certified – Full
Official Oracle page for Java EE Compatibility.
Java EE 6 certified – WebJava EE 5 certifiedJ2EE 1.4 certifiedLicensing
GlassFish server Open Source EditionOracleYes v5.0[29]Yes v5.0[29]Yes v4.x[30]Yes v4.x[30]Yes v3.x and upward[31]Yes v3.x Web ProfileYes v2.1.x[31]Free software
Oracle GlassFish ServerOracleYes v3[32] based on the open source GlassFish application serverYesSun Java System Application Server v9.0YesSun Java System Application Server v8.2Proprietary software
Oracle WebLogic ServerOracleYes 14.1.1[33]Yes 12.2.1[34]Yes v12c[35]Yes v10.3.5.0Yes v9Proprietary software
WildFlyRed HatYes v14.x[29]Yes v14.x[29]Yes v8.1[36]Yes v8.0.0.FinalYes v7.1[37]Yes v6.0[38] and v7.0[39]Yes v5.1[40][41]Yes v4.xFree software
JBoss Enterprise Application PlatformRed HatYes v7.2[42]Yes v7.0[30]Yes v7.0[30]Yes v6.0[43]Yes v5Proprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application ServerIBMYes v9.x[29]Yes v9.x[30]Yes v8[44]Yes v7YesProprietary software
IBM WebSphere Application Server LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2[45]Yes v18.0.0.2[45]Yes v8.5.5.6[46][47]Yes v8.5.5.6[30]Yes v8.5.5[48]Proprietary software
Open LibertyIBMYes v18.0.0.2Yes v18.0.0.2Free software
IBM WebSphere Application Server Community EditionIBMYes v3.0Yes v2.1Proprietary software
Apache GeronimoApacheYes v3.0-beta-1[49][50]Yes v2.0Yes v1.0Free software
JEUSTmaxSoftYes v8Yes v7[51][52]Yes v6Yes v5Proprietary software
Cosminexus Application ServerHitachiYes v10.0[29]Yes v9[53]Proprietary software
Fujitsu Interstage Application Server[54]FujitsuYes v12.0[29]Yes v1 Azure/v10.1[55][56]YesProprietary software
WebOTXNECYes[57]YesProprietary software
BES Application ServerBaolandeYes v9.5[30]
Apache TomEE[58][59]ApacheNo 7 (Java EE 7 like, but not certified[60])YesFree software
Resin ServerCauchoYes v4.0[61]YesProprietary software
SiwpasOW2Yes v6.0[62]Free software
JOnASOW2Yes v5.3 rc1[63]YesYesFree software
SAP NetWeaverSAPYes v2.x[64]YesYesProprietary software
Oracle Containers for Java EEOracleYesProprietary software
Oracle iPlanet Web ServerOracleYes Sun Java System Web ServerProprietary software
Oracle Application Server 10gOracleYesProprietary software
Pramati ServerPramati TechnologiesYes v5.0Proprietary software
Trifork T4TriforkYesProprietary software
Sybase Enterprise Application Server[65]SybaseYesProprietary software

Code sample

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The code sample shown below demonstrates how various technologies in Java EE 7 are used together to build a web form for editing a user.

In Jakarta EE a (web) UI can be built usingJakarta Servlet,Jakarta Server Pages (JSP), orJakarta Faces (JSF) withFacelets. The example below uses Faces andFacelets. Not explicitly shown is that the input components use the Jakarta EE Bean Validation API under the covers to validate constraints.

<htmlxmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"xmlns:h="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/html"xmlns:f="http://xmlns.jcp.org/jsf/core"><f:metadata><f:viewParamname="user_id"value="#{userEdit.user}"converter="#{userConvertor}"/></f:metadata><h:body><h:messages/><h:form><h:panelGridcolumns="2"><h:outputLabelfor="firstName"value="First name"/><h:inputTextid="firstName"value="#{userEdit.user.firstName}"label="First name"/><h:outputLabelfor="lastName"value="Last name"/><h:inputTextid="lastName"value="#{userEdit.user.lastName}"label="Last name"/><h:commandButtonaction="#{userEdit.saveUser}"value="Save"/></h:panelGrid></h:form></h:body></html>

Example Backing Bean class

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To assist the view, Jakarta EE uses a concept called a "Backing Bean". The example below usesContexts and Dependency Injection (CDI) andJakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB).

importjava.io.Serializable;importjakarta.inject.Named;importjakarta.faces.view.ViewScoped;importjakarta.inject.Inject;@Named@ViewScopedpublicclassUserEditimplementsSerializable{privatestaticfinallongserialVersionUID=1L;privateUseruser;@InjectprivateUserDAOuserDAO;publicStringsaveUser(){userDAO.save(this.user);addFlashMessage(String.format("User %d saved",this.user.getId()));return"users.xhtml?faces-redirect=true";}publicvoidsetUser(Useruser){this.user=user;}publicUsergetUser(){returnuser;}}

Example Data Access Object class

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To implement business logic,Jakarta Enterprise Beans (EJB) is the dedicated technology in Jakarta EE. For the actual persistence,JDBC orJakarta Persistence (JPA) can be used. The example below uses EJB and JPA. Not explicitly shown is thatJTA is used under the covers by EJB to control transactional behavior.

importjava.util.List;importjakarta.ejb.Stateless;importjakarta.persistence.EntityManager;importjakarta.persistence.PersistenceContext;importjakarta.persistence.TypedQuery;@StatelesspublicclassUserDAO{@PersistenceContextprivateEntityManagerentityManager;publicvoidsave(Useruser){entityManager.persist(user);}publicvoidupdate(Useruser){entityManager.merge(user);}publicList<User>getAll(){returnentityManager.createNamedQuery("User.getAll",User.class).getResultList();}}

Example Entity class

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For defining entity/model classes Jakarta EE provides the Jakarta Persistence (JPA), and for expressing constraints on those entities it provides the Bean Validation API. The example below uses both these technologies.

importjakarta.persistence.Entity;importjakarta.persistence.Id;importjakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;importjakarta.persistence.GenerationType;@EntitypublicclassUser{@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy=IDENTITY)privateIntegerid;@Size(min=2,message="First name too short")privateStringfirstName;@Size(min=2,message="Last name too short")privateStringlastName;publicIntegergetId(){returnid;}publicvoidsetId(Integerid){this.id=id;}publicStringgetFirstName(){returnfirstName;}publicvoidsetFirstName(StringfirstName){this.firstName=firstName;}publicStringgetLastName(){returnlastName;}publicvoidsetLastName(StringlastName){this.lastName=lastName;}}

See also

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References

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