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Ajarlig,[1][2][3] also writtenyarlyk (fromRussian:ярлы́к andUkrainian:ярлик), is an edict, permission, license, or written commandant ofMongol andChinggisid rulers' "formal diplomas."[4] It was one of three non-fundamentallaw pronouncements that had the effect of regulation or ordinance, the other two beingdebter (a record of precedence cases for administration and judicial decisions) andbilling (maxims or sayings attributed toGenghis Khan). The jarliq provides important information about the running of theMongol Empire.
Ögedei Khagan prohibited the nobility from issuinggergees (tablet that gave the bearer authority to demand goods and services from civilian populations) and jarliqs in the 1230s.
From the mid-13th to mid-15th centuries, all princes of Northeastern Rus received jarliq authorizing their rule. The issuing of jarliq on governing of Rus finalized the establishment of the title ofGrand Duke of Vladimir (Grand Prince). Initially, those jarliq came from theqaghan inKarakorum, but afterBatu established thekhanate of the Golden Horde (c. 1227), they came fromSarai. None of these jarliq, however, is extant. In the mid-fifteenth century, Grand DukeBasil II of Moscow began forbidding other Rus princes from receiving the jarliq from Mongol khans, thus establishing the right of the Moscow grand prince to authorize local princely rule. Mongol leaders gave the jarliq to emissaries, travelers, monks and merchants to give them free passage, exemptions from taxes and imposts and security.[5]
Kublai Khan began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in hiskheshig sign all jarliqs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates in 1280.
Ghazan reformed the issuance of jarliqs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court in Persia. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with oldpaizas (Mongol seals of authority).
Even after 1260, theYuan Dynasty in China still consideredjarlig must be issued by only Qa'an/Khagan (Emperor) butlinkji by khans (princes) of three western khanates.[6] However, some high-ranking officials continued to issue jarligs under the name of a khan or Emperor inCentral Asia.[7]
The Rus' metropolitan archive[which?] preserves six jarliq, constituting the so-called Short Collection, which are considered to be translations into Russian of authentic patents issued from theQipchaq Khanate:[citation needed]
A seventh jarliq, which purports to be fromKhan Özbeg to Metropolitan Peter, found in the so-called full collection, has been determined to be a sixteenth-century forgery. The jarliq to the metropolitans affirm the freedom of the Church from taxes and tributes, and declare that the Church's property should be protected from expropriation or damage as long as Rus' churchmen pray for the well-being of the khan and his family.[citation needed]
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In modernMongolian, the term (Mongolian:зарлиг,romanized: zarlig) is used to refer to official edicts.
In Russian culture, the word is used to refer to alabel, or, rarely, aprice tag. It may also refer to an iconshortcut in moderngraphical user interfaces.
As an example of areborrowing, the word also re-entered the Mongolian language with the Russian meaning and pronunciation.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)