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TheJapanese occupation of Cambodia (Khmer:ការត្រួតត្រារបស់ជប៉ុននៅកម្ពុជា) was the period ofCambodian history duringWorld War II when the Kingdom of Cambodia was occupied by theJapanese.Vichy France, which was aclient state ofGermany, nominally maintained theFrench protectorate over Cambodia andother parts of Indochina during most of the Japanese occupation. This territory of Cambodia was reduced, by concessions to Thailand after theFranco-Thai War, so that it did not includeStung Treng Province,Battambang Province, andSiem Reap Province.[1]
The Japanese occupation in Cambodia lasted from 1941 to 1945 and, in general, the Cambodian population escaped thebrutalities inflicted on civilians by the Japanese occupiers in other countries ofSoutheast Asia. After the nominal French Indochina colonial government was overthrown in 1945, Cambodia became a pro-Tokyopuppet state until thesurrender of Japan.[2]
The 1940–41Franco-Thai War left theFrench Indochinese colonial authorities in a position of weakness. The Vichy government signed an agreement with Japan to allow the Japanese military transit through French Indochina and to station troops inNorthern Vietnam up to a limit of 25,000 men.[3]
Meanwhile, theThai government, under the pro-Japanese leadership of Field MarshalPlaek Phibunsongkhram, and strengthened by virtue of its treaty of friendship with Japan, took advantage of the weakened position of France, and invaded Cambodia's western provinces to which it had historic claims. Following this invasion,Tokyo hosted the signature of a treaty in March 1941 that formally compelled the French to relinquish the provinces ofBattambang,Siem Reap,Koh Kong as well as a narrow extension of land between the 15th parallel and theDangrek Mountains[4] inStung Treng Province.
As a result, Cambodia had lost almost half a million citizens and one-third of its former surface area to Thailand.[5]
In August 1941, theImperial Japanese Army entered theFrench protectorate of Cambodia and established a garrison that numbered 8,000 troops. Despite their military presence, the Japanese authorities allowed the cooperating Vichy French colonial officials to remain at their administrative posts.
On 20 July 1942, there was a major anti-French demonstration inPhnom Penh after a prominent monk,Hem Chieu, was arrested for allegedly preaching seditious sermons to the colonial militia. The French authorities arrested the demonstration's leader,Pach Chhoeun, and exiled him to the prison island ofCon Son.[2] Pach Chhoen was a respected Cambodian intellectual, associated with theBuddhist Institute and founder ofNagaravatta, the first overtly political newspaper in theKhmer language in 1936, along withSim Var.[6]
On 9 March 1945, during the closing stages of the war, Japanoverthrew the French rule in Indochina. The French colonial administrators were relieved of their positions, and French military forces were ordered to disarm. The aim was to revive the flagging support of local populations for Tokyo's war effort by encouraging indigenous rulers to proclaim independence.[7]
On 13 March, the young KingNorodom Sihanouk proclaimed an independent Kingdom of Kampuchea (While changing the official name of the country in French fromCambodge toKampuchea) following a formal request by the Japanese. Shortly thereafter the Japanese government nominally ratified the independence of Cambodia and established a consulate in Phnom Penh.[8] Sihanouk's decree did away with previous French-Cambodian treaties and he pledged his newly independent country's cooperation and alliance with Japan.[9]
The new government did away with theromanisation of theKhmer language that the French colonial administration was beginning to enforce and officially reinstated theKhmer script. This measure taken by the short-lived governmental authority would be popular and long-lasting, for since then no government in Cambodia has tried to romanise the Khmer language again.[9] Other changes included the reinstating of the Buddhistlunar calendar.[9]
Norodom Sihanouk initially also served asPrime Minister from 18 March 1945. However,Son Ngoc Thanh, another of the men behindNagaravatta who had fled to Japan following the 1942 anti-French demonstrations, had returned in April 1945 to serve as foreign minister. Son Ngoc Thanh would take over the position of prime minister following thesurrender of Japan, serving until French restoration in October 1945.[9][10]
The Japanese occupation of Cambodia ended with the officialsurrender of Japan in August 1945. After Allied military units entered Cambodia, the Japanese military forces present in the country were disarmed and repatriated. The French were able toreimpose the colonial administration inPhnom Penh in October the same year. After arresting Son Ngoc Thanh for collaboration with the Japanese on 12 October,[9] the French colonial authorities exiled him to France, where he lived underhouse arrest. Some of his supporters went underground and escaped to Thai-controlled northwestern Cambodia, where they were eventually to join forces in a pro-independence group, theKhmer Issarak. This anti-French, politically heterogeneous nationalist movement was organised with Thai backing, but would later split into factions.[11]
In January 1941, Thai armed forces entered western Cambodia and comprehensively overwhelmed the French military.... the Japanese imposed a settlement whereby Thailand annexed the western Cambodian provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap and Stung Treng.
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