The population figure quoted includes Japanese nationals only.
Large-scaleJapanese migration to Indonesia dates back to the late 19th century, though there was limited trade contact betweenJapan andIndonesia as early as the 17th century.[2] In October 2009, there were about 11,263Japanese expatriates in Indonesia.[3] At the same time, there are also identifiable populations of descendants of early migrants, who may be referred to asNikkei Indonesians orIndonesian Nikkei.[4][5]
Prior to theTokugawa shogunate's establishment of their isolationistsakoku policy, theDutch East India Company (VOC) were known to use Japanese mercenaries to enforce their rule in theMaluku Islands.[6] One of Indonesia's early residents of Japanese descent wasSaartje Specx, the daughter of Dutch colonial governorJacques Specx, who ruledBatavia (present-dayJakarta) from 1629 to 1632.[2] 1898 colonial government statistics showed 614 Japanese in the Dutch East Indies (166 men, 448 women).[7]
The Japanese mercenaries have also aided the Dutch East India company on their conquestof the Banda Islands. Atrocities are committed against the locals of the island by both the Mercenaries and the soldiers of Dutch East India company.[8][9][10][11]
As the Japanese population grew, a Japanese consulate was established in Batavia in 1909, but for the first several years its population statistics were rather haphazard.[12] Their reports showed 782 registered Japanese migrants in Batavia in 1909 (with estimates that there were another 400 unregistered), and 278 (57 men, 221 women) inMedan in 1910.[13] Between ca. 1872 and 1940 large numbers of Japanese prostitutes (karayuki-san) worked in brothels of the archipelago.[14] Beginning in the late 1920s,Okinawan fishermen began to settle innorth Sulawesi. There was a Japanese primary school atManado, which by 1939 had 18 students.[15] In total, 6,349 Japanese people lived in Indonesia by 1938.[16]
After the end of the 1942‒1945Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, roughly 3,000Imperial Japanese Army soldiers chose to remain in Indonesia and fight alongside local people against the Dutch colonists in theIndonesian National Revolution; roughly one-third were killed (among whom many are buried in theKalibata Heroes' Cemetery), while another one-third chose to remain in Indonesia after the fighting ended.[18][19] In the 1960s,Sukarno asked the Japanese government to provide scholarships to Indonesian students to study in Japan as part of the technology transfer effort as well as part of the war spoils. Some of these Indonesian students married Japanese and produced Indonesian Nikkei descendants. The Indonesian students who graduated from Japan are now members of Persada, the Association of Alumni from Japan, which was founded in 1963.[20]
However, not all of these soldiers were Japanese, several famous soldiers who remained like Li Baiqing李柏青 andChen Chih-hsiung were ethnic Han Chinese from Taiwan.
In the 1970s, Japanese manufacturers, especially in the electronics sector, began to set up factories in Indonesia; this sparked the migration of a new wave of Japanese expatriates, mainly managers and technical staff connected to large Japanese corporations.[21] In the late 1990s, there was also migration in the opposite direction; many of the Nikkei Indonesians from Sulawesi began migrating to Japan to work in the seafood processing industry.[22] As of 2004[update], there were estimated to be about 1,200 of them living in the town ofŌarai, Ibaraki.[23] Furthermore, there was a large outflow of Japanese expatriates in 1998, due to theMay riots and the associated political chaos.[24] However, a decade later, the Japanese still made up Jakarta's second-largest expatriate community, after theKoreans.[21]
The Japanese communities in the Dutch East Indies, like those in the rest of colonial Southeast Asia, remainedprostitution-based as late asWorld War I.[25] The remnant of this prostitution business can be trace inSurabaya'sJalan Kembang Jepun, "the Street of the Japanese Flowers", located in the city's oldChinatown.[26] Prostitution was outlawed in the Dutch East Indies in 1912, but many Japanese women appear to have continued working in the trade clandestinely.[13] However, by the 1930s, the economic focus of the Japanese community had shifted largely towards agriculture, marine industries, and retailing of imported Japanese products.[16] More recent Japanese expatriates are typically investors connected with electronics manufacturing.[21]
Early Japanese migrants to theDutch East Indies were classified as "foreign orientals" by the Dutch government.[7] This status meant they were subject to restrictions on their freedom of movement, place of residence, and employment. However, in 1898, they were reclassified as "honorary Europeans", giving them formal legal equality with the colonisers and removing those restrictions.[25] Yet despite this formal equality, local peoples' image of the Japanese people in their midst was still not very positive.[7] During the World War II occupation of Indonesia, many Japanese officers took local women as concubines.[2] Children born from such relationships, growing up in the post-war period often found themselves the target bullying due to their ancestry, as well as suffering official discrimination under government policies which gave preference topribumi in the hiring of civil servants.[27]
InJakarta, Grand Wijaya Center andBlok M have clusters of businesses catering to Japanese expatriates, including restaurants, supermarkets selling imported food products, and the like; Blok M in particular is noted for its concentration ofizakaya.[28]
759 Japanese living in Indonesia have the right of permanent residency; these consist primarily of Japanese women married to Indonesian men.[29] In Bali the number of Japanese residents registered with the Japanese Consulate in Denpasar has increased from 43 in 1987, to 595 in 1995, and further to 1,755 in 2006 and 2,225 in 2010. The consulate receives an annual average of about 100 cases of marriage registration, with over 90 percent of them involving Japanese women who marry local men. It processes between 10 and 12 applications for divorce per year.[30] Some met their husbands in the context ofstudy abroad, either when the husband-to-be was studying in Japan, or when both were studying in an Anglophone country such as the United States or Australia.[31] Others came to Indonesia, especiallyBali, as tourists, and met their husbands there. Japan is one of the largest sources of tourists in Bali, and many Japanese women married to Indonesian men are settled there; one scholar who studied the phenomenon in 1994 estimated four hundred resided there at the time.[32][33]
A large number of the tourists consist of young urban women; they see Bali not as an exotic destination, but rather a nostalgic one, evoking the past landscape of Japan and a return to their "real selves" which they feel are being stifled by life in Japanese cities. Among these, a few come first as tourists, especially toKuta andUbud, and then after repeat visits, marry a local man.[34] In some cases, these visits take the form of "romance tourism" or "female sex tourism", with women entering into relationships withmalesex workers, known colloquially as "Kuta Cowboys".[35][36][37] They useIndonesian andJapanese, or less commonlyEnglish when communicating with their husbands, children, and grandchildren, but Indonesian far more commonly than other languages when communicating with other relatives.[38]
The Daily Jakarta Shimbun is Indonesia's only Japanese language newspaper. It was founded in 1998 by Yasuo Kusano, who was formerly theMainichi Shimbun bureau chief in Jakarta from 1981 to 1986; he returned to Indonesia after thefall of Suharto, and, finding that many publications banned during the Suharto era were being revived, decided to found a newspaper to provide accurate, in-depth information about Indonesia's new democratisation to Japanese readers. Since then, its circulation has grown from 50 copies to more than 4,000.[24]
Portrayals in Indonesian popular culture centred on Japanese characters includeRemy Sylado's 1990snovelKembang Jepun. Set during World War II, it tells a story of ageisha and her Indonesian husband who participates inSupriyadi's anti-Japanese uprising. It was reprinted as a full-length book by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2003.[39][40] Another work with a similar theme is Lang Fang's 2007 novelPerempuan Kembang Jepun, from the same publisher, about a 1940sgeisha who becomes thesecond wife of a Surabaya businessman.[41][42] The Indonesian martial arts filmThe Raid 2 depicts a Japanese crime syndicate in Jakarta.
^HomeArchived 2015-01-14 at theWayback Machine. Jakarta Japanese School. Retrieved on January 15, 2015. "JL.Titihan Raya,Bintaro Jaya Sektor 9 Parigi-Pondok Aren,Tangerang Selatan 15227"
^アクセス・お問い合わせ (in Japanese). Bandung Japanese School. Archived fromthe original on January 15, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2015.JL. Ciumbuleuit 199 Bandung 40142 INDONESIA
^連絡先.スラバヤ日本人学校 (in Japanese). Sekolah Jepang Surabaya. Archived fromthe original on January 14, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 15, 2015.Jl. Jetis Seraten, Kel. Ketintang, Kec. Gayungan, Surabaya60231, Indonesia
^アジアの補習授業校一覧 (in Japanese). National Education Center, Japan. October 29, 2000. Archived fromthe original on November 17, 2000. RetrievedApril 16, 2015.スマラン 休 校 中
^"Chef Harada San". Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved2015-02-27.
長洋弘 [Chō Yōkō] (2005),二つの祖国に生きる—インドネシア残留日本兵乙戸昇物語 [Living with two motherlands: The tale of Noboru Otobe, a Japanese soldier who stayed in Indonesia], 草の根出版会,ISBN978-4-87648-225-2
Fukihara Yutaka/吹原豊 (2007),エスニックコミュニティの成立と発展一大洗町における定住インドネシア人共同体の事例一 [Birth and Development of an Ethnic Community: In the Case of Indonesian Migrant Community in Oarai](PDF),地域文化研究 (in Japanese), vol. 5, pp. 21–36, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-19
畠山清行 [Hatakeyama Seikō]; 保阪正康 [Hosaka Masayasu] (2004),陸軍中野学校終戦秘史 [The secret post-war history of the Nakano Infantry School], 新潮社 [Shinchōsha],ISBN978-4-10-115522-7
松尾慎 [Matsuo Shin] (2004),インドネシア日系人の言語選択の実態とその要因 [Situation and reasons of Nikkei Indonesians' language choice](PDF),大阪大学言語文化学 (in Japanese), vol. 13, pp. 83–99
目黒潮 [Meguro Ushio] (2005),茨城県大洗町における日系インドネシア人の集住化と就労構造 [Establishment of the Nikkei Indonesian Community and their employment system in Oarai Town, Ibaraki](PDF),Intercultural Communication Studies (in Japanese) (17):49–78, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2007-10-28, retrieved2007-08-11
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Murayama, Yoshitada (1993), "The Pattern of Economic Penetration of the Dutch East Indies", pp. 87–110{{citation}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
Suzuki Kazuyo/鈴木一代 (1997),日系インドネシア人の文化・言語習得 −居住地決定との関連性について [Culture, language study, and residence decisions of Nikkei Indonesians],Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Association of Educational Psychology (in Japanese),39 (39):341–355,doi:10.20587/pamjaep.39.0_341
Toyota, Mika (2006), "Consuming Images: Female Japanese Tourists in Bali, Indonesia", in Meethan, Kevin; Anderson, Alison; Miles, Steven (eds.),Tourism consumption and representation: narratives of place and self,CAB International, pp. 158–177,ISBN978-0-85199-678-3
Yamashita, Shinji (2003), "Japanese and Balinese Tourism: Brides Heading for the Isle of the Gods",Bali and beyond: explorations in the anthropology of tourism, Berghahn Books, pp. 87–101,ISBN978-1-57181-257-5
Astuti, Meta Sekar Puji (2008),Apakah mereka mata-mata? Orang-orang Jepang di Indonesia, 1868- 1942 [Were they spies? Japanese people in Indonesia, 1868-1942], Yogyakarta: Ombak,ISBN978-979-3472-83-6,OCLC222248003
内野好郎 [Uchino Yoshirō] (2008),インドネシアにおける日本人団体 [Japanese Organisations in Indonesia], in 小林英夫 [Kobayashi Hideo]; 柴田善雅 [Shibata Yoshimasa]; 吉田千之輔 [Yoshida Sennosuke] (eds.),戦後アジアにおける日本人団体ー引揚げから企業進出まで [Japanese Organisations in Postwar Asia: From Evacuation to Corporate Entry], ゆまに書房 [Yumani Shobo],ISBN978-4-8433-2749-4
Yoshida, Masanori (2010), "Cross-Cultural Marriage in the Global Age: Young Japanese Women in Indonesia", in Adachi, Nobuko (ed.),Japanese and Nikkei at Home and Abroad: Negotiating Identities in a Global World, Cambria Press, pp. 237–262,ISBN978-1-60497-686-1
_De_Japan%2c_Bestanddeelnr_344-5-4.jpg)
![Ennichisai [id], a Japanese cultural festival organised by the Japanese community in Jakarta.](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aEnnichisai_Blok_M_Jakarta.jpg)
