January 22, 1922: Benedict XV, Roman Catholic Pope since 1914, dies at the age of 67January 28, 1922: Collapse of the Knickerbocker movie theater in Washington kills 96 peopleJanuary 14, 1922: Michael Collins becomes the first Chairman of the Irish Free State in DublinJanuary 3, 1922: New "Peace Dollar" put into circulation in the U.S.
A delegation of theFar Eastern Republic inWashington, D.C. revealed what it claimed to be secret documents revealing a military alliance betweenFrance andJapan, seeking to secure Japanese domination ofSiberia in exchange for stabilization of French interests in Russia. France and Japan both denounced the documents as forgeries.[1]
In the other major postseason college game, the once-beaten (4-1-2)Aggies of Texas A&M defeated the previously undefeated and untied (10-0-0)Praying Colonels of Centre College, 22 to 14, atDallas,Texas. The game was also notable for the introduction of the "12th Man" tradition of Texas A&M, when a student spectator is called to be ready to enter the game.[citation needed]
The Soviet government published statistical data showing that 1,766,118 people had been executed since theOctober Revolution.[3]
The value of theGerman mark fell to 1/32,000th of theBritish pound or 133rd of a British penny. With an exchange rate of $4.86 to the British pound, theU.S. dollar was worth 6,600 German marks, and American banks refused to accept the mark for payment of debts.[4][5]
An example of the patented "concave-convex" steel tape measure
American inventor Hiram A. Farrand was granted U.S. Patent #1,402,589 for his creation of the "concave-convex" steel tape, flexible and slightly curved for ease of extension and retraction, setting the standard now used for the pockettape measure. The "Farrand Rapid Rule" design, marketed in the 1920s by theBrown Company, set the standard still used in metallic tape measures.[citation needed]
The "Peace dollar", the new design for the American silver dollar by theUnited States Mint, was put into circulation six days after the striking of the first coins (dated 1921) on December 28.[6]
InIndia, the massive 10.5 feet (3.2 m) tall Asian ElephantGuruvayur Keshavan was donated to theGuruvayur Temple by royal family ofNilambur. Keshavan, about 10-years old at the time of his capture, would serve at the temple for almost 55 years until his death on December 2, 1976.[citation needed]
London Times correspondent A.B. Kay was kidnapped by armed members of theIrish Republican Army. Kay had been having lunch in a pub across from theDáil Éireann when three men with revolvers burst in and abducted him, angry over a story he'd written regarding public opinion inCork over theAnglo-Irish Treaty. Kay was released that same night.[8][9]
Ernest Shackleton, 47, Anglo-Irish polar explorer who led 3 British expeditions to theAntarctic; died from a heart attack caused by the blockage of his coronary artery byatheroma plaque (b.1874)[11]
Éamon de Valera offered his resignation asPresident of the Irish Republic, saying that he "could not carry on until I know if I have the support of this Dáil ... I appeal to this House to re-elect me, give me a vote of confidence so that I can stand on the rock of an independent Irish republic. If you wantthis treaty you can elect someone else."[12][13]
Construction began on theDelaware River Bridge (now the Benjamin Franklin Bridge) betweenPhiladelphia andCamden, New Jersey, more than a century after the first discussions to link the U.S. states ofPennsylvania andNew Jersey by something other than the existing ferry services.[14] Pennsylvania GovernorWilliam C. Sproul and New Jersey GovernorEdward I. Edwards both participated in the groundbreaking ceremony, and the bridge would open to traffic on July 1, 1926.[14]
Dogsomyn Bodoo, the firstPrime Minister of Mongolia since the nation's independence in April and a founder of theMongolian People's Revolutionary Party, resigned after six months after having become unpopular from his campaign to reform Mongolian traditions to fitSoviet Union norms, including the banning of long hair and women's jewelry. After forcing Bodoo's resignation, new PremierSonomyn Damdinbazar accused him and other government ministers of corruption and treason, and had him arrested. Bodoo would be executed on August 31.[17]
U.S. RepresentativeAlanson B. Houghton was appointed as the new U.S. Ambassador to Germany.[18]
Éamon de Valera said that theRepublic of Ireland still existed and that the previous day's resolution was "not ratification of that treaty and not a legal act. That will not be affected until the Irish people have disestablished the republic which they have set up by their own will."[21]
By a margin of only two votes,Éamon de Valera was narrowly defeated for re-election as President of theDáil Éireann, losing 60 to 58. After the vote was counted everyone in the assembly rose and cheered for him.[22] "The re-election of de Valera would have been equivalent to rescinding of the treaty" creating theIrish Free State and ratified only two days earlier, by creating two governments for southern Ireland,The New York Times wrote;[23] Three members of the Dáil— De Valera himself, an unidentified MP andLiam de Róiste— abstained from voting. De Róiste reportedly refused to vote, commenting that the motion was "calculated to throw the country into fratricidal strife."Arthur Griffith commented, after voting against the motion, "I want to say that this is not a vote taken against President De Valera. It is a vote to damn the treaty, and I want to say now there is no man I have met in my life whom I more respect and love."[24]
The first elections were held for the newly establishedSupreme Muslim Council, a four-member body created to oversee religious courts and finances inBritish Palestine, and the HajjAmin al-Husseini ofJerusalem was selected as the council's first leader. The other persons picked by the electoral college were Muhammad Murad, mufti ofHaifa; 'Abd al-Latif Salah ofNablus; and Abdullah Dajani ofJaffa.[26]
Died:Maria Louise Baldwin, 65, American educator and the first Black principal of a predominantly white school in the United States; died of heart disease (b.1856)[citation needed]
TheSejm inPoland approved a bill introducing two-year compulsory military service.[29]
Germany inaugurated a new wireless telegraphy service, called "Blitzfunk" (literally "lightning spark") betweenBerlin andHamburg, with the objective of higher priority in speedy delivery of the message. A message brought to the Berlin main office at 9:00 in the morning was transmitted to Hamburg at 9:03, where it was then transcribed and then "telephoned to the addressee at 9:10" before delivery of the telegram.[30]
AtToronto General Hospital, 14-year oldLeonard Thompson became the first human to receive an injection ofinsulin as a treatment fordiabetes, administered by Dr.James Collip.[31] Thompson developed an allergic reaction to the injection. Additional work was done to refine the treatment and a second dose given on January 23.[32]
TheSeamen's strike of 1922 began at the ports ofHong Kong and inCanton as Chinese workers of the Seamen's Union walked off their jobs when a demand for a salary increase was turned down by the maritime companies.[35] The strike would last for 52 days, ending on March 5 after the companies agreed to raise wages by 15% with a cap at 30%.
The British government announced an amnesty for all Irish political prisoners.[36] SirWinston Churchill, then theSecretary of State for the Colonies, wrote the proclamation declaring that "The King has been pleased, at the moment when the Provisional Irish Government is due to take effect, to grant general amnesty with respect to all offences committed in Ireland from political motives prior to the operation of the truce, July 11, last. The release of the prisoners to which amnesty applies may begin forthwith. It is the King's confident hope that this act of oblivion will aid in powerfully establishing relations of friendship and good-will between the peoples of Great Britain and Ireland." The amnesty applied to 1,010 persons still in confinement in Britain.[37][38]
The conference atCannes, regarding German reparations, ended abruptly after the resignation ofFrance's Prime MinisterAristide Briand, but with an agreement to allowGermany to temporarily suspend reparations payments.[42]
Adolf Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison for disrupting a meeting at a beer hall where speakerOtto Ballerstedt was seriously injured.[43]
The first and last elections for theVilnius Sejm, the parliament of theRepublic of Central Lithuania were held, for the primary purpose of voting in favor of annexation of the puppet state intoPoland. The voting was boycotted by most of the Lithuanians in theVilnius region, and the legislators elected were of Polish ancestry. On February 20, the new parliament would vote for the "republic" to be legally annexed into Poland.[44]
The proposed evacuation of 120,000Armenian Christians fromTurkey was called for byPaul Hymans, President of theLeague of Nations, in his address to the League Council as Hymans read aloud a telegram that had been sent to CardinalDésiré-Joseph Mercier, the Roman Catholic Primate of Belgium, by theArmenian Catholic Patriarchate, asking for League assistance.Gabriel Hanotaux, France's representative to the League, informed the council that France had worked on protectingArmenian Catholics and other Christian minorities in Cilicia from further violence and had voted to provide 30 million French francs for that goal. The Council took the matter under advisement and adjourned until April 25.[48]
TheLeipzig War Crimes Trials, an attempt by theAllied Powers to prosecuteGerman Empire nationals who had committed atrocities duringWorld War I, effectively came to an end when the Allied Commission concluded that allowing Germany'sWeimar Republic to sentence war criminals had been ineffective because of the lenient sentences.[53]
TheWoodrow Wilson Foundation was launched at a meeting inWashington, D.C. After the meeting, several thousand supporters marched two miles to greetWoodrow Wilson at his home. "I need hardly tell you that such a demonstration and evidence of friendship makes me very happy," Wilson told the crowd from his doorstep. "There can be no doubt as to the vitality of theLeague of Nations."[55]
A 7.9 magnitude earthquake took place inPeru in the sparsely populatedDepartment of Loreto in theAmazon rainforest, at3.025°S 71.398°W.[58] Because of the remote location and the depth of the quake (475 kilometres (295 mi) underground), no measurable damage was reported.
Died:George B. Selden, 75, American patent lawyer and inventor who filed for the first U.S. patents for an automobile in 1879 (b.1846)[citation needed]
Kazys Grinius resigned asPrime Minister of Lithuania after 18 months in office, along with the rest of his government, in the wake of the "saccharin scandal" that linked his Foreign Minister,Juozas Purickis, to use of diplomatic privileges for the smuggling of contraband items. Grinius's predecessor,Ernestas Galvanauskas, formed a new government 15 days later on February 2.[59]
A group of unemployedDublin workers including the future noted authorLiam O'Flaherty seized the Rotunda Concert Hall in protest of the "apathy of the authorities" and flew ared flag from one of the windows. Many Dubliners were hostile to the sight of the red flag and the demonstration soon attracted an angry mob.[60]
American confectionerHarry Burt applied for the first patent for the process of manufacturing a melted chocolate coating that could be applied to ice cream mass production of his invention, theGood Humor bar, for resale by way of ice cream trucks. Burt would be granted U.S. Patent No. 1,470,524 on October 9, 1923, for "Process of Making Frozen Confections."[63] The application was filed four days before the patent for a similar chocolate-covered ice cream product on a stick, theEskimo Pie, was granted on January 24 to Christian Kent Nelson.[citation needed]
Pope Benedict XV died early at 6:00 in the morning local time inRome. A premature report of his death had been given out the day before when a dispatch from the Wolff Bureau news agency inBerlin had reported that "Pope Benedict died at 5:15 o'clock this afternoon, Rome time", causing the German Reichstag to suspend proceedings and evening newspapers inLondon to report the death.[66] In the afternoon a procession of thePalatine Guard,Swiss Guard and others solemnly transported the body through theApostolic Palace to the papal throne room where it lay in state.[67]
U.S. PresidentWarren G. Harding opened an agricultural conference in Washington. In the conference's opening speech Harding proposed that the farming industry organize along the lines of other industries, with machinery of finance for furnishing operating capital.[68]
U.S. Patent #1,404,539 was issued to candy store owner Christian Kent Nelson ofOnawa, Iowa for his invention of a process of covering ice cream with melted chocolate. Originally sold by Nelson under the name "I-Scream Bars", the confection would be trademarked as the "Eskimo Pie" for mass production and marketing. The new confection was an immediate success.[69] In 2021, it would re-branded once more as anEdy's Pie.[70]
ComposerFelix Borowski was shot at with a pistol and thenbeaten with it in hisChicago apartment. Borowski's secretary was arrested and confessed to the crime, saying that Borowski had derailed his career as a pianist and that he had "nothing to live for."[71]
ComposerCarl Nielsen'sSymphony No. 5 was given its first performance, as the Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra performed the score nine days after it had been completed by Nielsen.[72]
A detachment ofU.S. Marines was sent to invadeNicaragua in order to protect the U.S. Embassy in the capital,Managua. The Marines were brought to the Central American nation, transported by the cruiserUSSGalveston and disembarking atCorinto.[74]
The Dublin Gazette, the official British governmental newspaper of record in Ireland since 1705, published its final issue, and its offices were turned over to the control ofIrish Free State authorities.[81]
TheUniversity of Illinois college football team disqualified nine of its players after confirmation that the students had accepted payment to play in a semi-professional game inCarlinville, Illinois on November 27.[83] The Illini players for Carlinville (which lost the game toTaylorsville 16 to 0) implicated in the scandal includedJack Crangle,Joey Sternaman andLaurie Walquist, while statements also confirmed that three Notre Dame stars (Gus Desch,John Mohardt andChet Wynne) had participated as well. Each received $200 (equivalent to $3,100 in 1921) for one game. Rumors that specific players had been hired for the game had started in Carlinville in November,The New York Times reported, "But each person who received the 'confidential' information apparently passed it on to another friend, for gradually the word spread..."
Ninety-six people died, and 133 were injured, in the collapse of theKnickerbocker Theatre inWashington, D.C.[84] A few minutes before 9:00 in the evening, the roof gave way under the weight of 29 inches (740 mm) of snow that had fallen in the first 28 hours of a blizzard, while at least 300 people were inside watching a silent movie,Get-Rich-Quick Wallingford. The roof fell upon people in the theater balcony, and the balcony itself then fell upon people in the seats below.[85]
The British ocean linerSSAthenia, built for the Anchor-Donaldson Line, was launched fromGlasgow, to go into service in 1923.[86][page needed] On September 3, 1939, the day of theUnited Kingdom's declaration of war onNazi Germany, theAthenia would become the first British ship to be torpedoed and sunk duringWorld War II.[87]
GeneralMarie-Eugène Debeney predicted that the next war would be fought with "tanks, aeroplanes, and gas served by specially trained crews." The front lines would be manned only by skeleton detachments serving as observers and listeners, due to the number of personnel necessary to run the war machinery.[89]
^"Five Powers Adopt Ban on Submarines; Ask World to Join".The New York Times. January 6, 1922. p. 1.
^"Shackleton Dies on Antarctic Trip— Heart Disease Kills British Explorer Aboard His Ship, the Quest, Off Gritvicken".The New York Times. January 30, 1922. p. 1.
^"De Valera Resigns, Then Accepts Plan to Wait for Vote".The New York Times. January 6, 1922. p. 1.
^Steele, John (January 7, 1922). "Dail in Uproar as De Valera Resigns Place".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^"Dail Eireann Votes 64 to 57 to Accept Irish Free State; De Valera Says He Will Resign; Dublin Wild With Joy".The New York Times. January 8, 1922. p. 1.
^Sanders, Alan J. K., ed. (2003). "Bodoo, Dogsomyn (1885-1922)".Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 39-40.
^"Troubles Beset Irish State".Decatur Herald.Decatur, Illinois: 1. January 9, 1922.
^Steele, John (January 10, 1922). "Ireland Votes Today on Birth of Free State".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"De Valera Defeated 60 to 58 on Motion for Re-Election".The New York Times. January 10, 1922. p. 1.
^"Mr. De Valera Defeated by Two Votes. Dail Vote on His Presidency. Another Desperate Attempt to Defeat the Treaty".The Manchester Guardian. January 10, 1922. p. 7.
^"Arbuckle Case Resumed; Seven Jurors Passed".Chicago Daily Tribune. January 12, 1922. p. 5.
^Holston, Kim R. (2013).Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 27.ISBN978-0-7864-6062-5.
^Chan Lau Kit-ching (1990).China, Britain, and Hong Kong. Chinese University Press. pp. 169–172.
^"King George Frees Irish Prisoners— Proclaims General Amnesty for All Held for Political Offenses in Ireland".The New York Times. January 13, 1922. p. 17.
^"Text of Amnesty Proclamation".The New York Times. January 13, 1922. p. 17.
^"Amnesty for Irish Prisoners. Releases Commence".The Manchester Guardian. January 13, 1922. p. 7.
^"Briand Resigns, Poincare to Form New French Cabinet".The New York Times. January 13, 1922. p. 1.
^Clayton, John (January 13, 1922). "'Germany Must Pay'; Poincaré Heads France".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
^"Newberry Seated, 46 to 41, But Senate Condemns Big Fund".The New York Times. January 13, 1922. p. 1.
^Davis, Elmer (January 14, 1922). "Cannes Collapses Aids Rival 'Show'; Competing Session's Disruption Seems to Have Shot Oxygen Into Arms Conference".The New York Times. p. 1.
^Mitchell, Otis C. (2008).Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 51.ISBN978-0-7864-5214-9.
^Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011). "Central Lithuania, Republic of (1920-1922)".Historical Dictionary of Lithuania. Scarecrow Press. p. 77-78.
^"Irish Free State Formally Set Up; Collins Heads It— Southern Parliament Ratifies Treaty and Provides Provisional Government".The New York Times. January 15, 1922. p. 1.
^"New Government of Irish Halts Big Rail Strike".Chicago Daily Tribune. January 15, 1922. p. 3.
^"120,000 Armenians to Leave Turkey; Ask League Council, Through Cardinal Mercier, for Ships to Transport Them".The New York Times. January 15, 1922. p. 1.
^"Hays to Be Mogul in Silver Screen Realm".San Antonio Express. January 15, 1922. p. 4.
^"Will Hays to Quit Cabinet for Films; Harding Consents— President Says He Cannot Well Interpose Any Objection to Work So Important".The New York Times. January 15, 1922. p. 1.
^"Kills Himself in Hotel – Illness and Wife's Breakdown Are Blamed for Candy Man's Suicide".The New York Times. January 13, 1922. p. 13.
^Yarnall, John (2011).Barbed Wire Disease: British & German Prisoners of War, 1914–19. Spellmount. p. 187.
^"Poincare Completes Formation of New Cabinet; Its First Meeting to Be Held This Morning".The New York Times. January 15, 1922. p. 1.
^"League Still Lives, Wilson Tells Throng".Chicago Daily Tribune. January 16, 1922. p. 3.
^Steele, John (January 17, 1922). "Dublin Castle Capitulates to New Irish State".Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
^Hahn, Gordon M. (2007).Russia's Islamic Threat. Yale University Press. p. 134.
^Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan, eds. (2016). "Glavanauskas, Ernestas".Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 272.
^"Pope Benedict XV Passes Away Early This Morning; Lingers Hours After World Gets Report of Death; Tributes Paid to the Pontiff by Men of All Religions".The New York Times. January 22, 1922. p. 1.
^"Pan-German Austrians Lose Fight on Schober".Chicago Daily Tribune. January 28, 1922. p. 5.
^"College Team Men in $100,000 Game; Rival Towns Hired Illinois and Notre Dame Football Stars and Bet $50,000 Each".The New York Times. January 29, 1922. p. 1.
^"Washington Theatre Is Crushed by Snow, 50 to 100 Dead; Roof Caves in on Audience of 500; Many Still in Ruins; 29 Inches of Snow Bury Capital; Fringe of Storm Here".The New York Times. January 29, 1922. p. 1.
^"Think Theater Collapse Toll May Be But 96".Chicago Daily Tribune. January 31, 1922. p. 3.
^Carroll, Francis M. (2012).Athenia Torpedoed: The U-Boat Attack that Ignited the Battle of the Atlantic. Naval Institute Press.
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