Battle of Ojinaga – About 6,000 ofPancho Villa's soldiers under command of Gen.Toribio Ortega Ramírez attacked 4,000 federal troop occupyingOjinaga, a town on the Mexican-U.S. border. Ramírez's men forced federal troops out of outlying outposts into the adobe buildings of the town, but were stalled by artillery bombardment.[4]
TheSt. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States started services betweenSt. Petersburg andTampa, Florida, becoming the firstairline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with winged aircraft, withTony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in aBenoistflying boat. Abram C. Pheil, former mayor of St. Petersburg, was the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witnessed the first departure.[5]
The Naval Wing of theRoyal Flying Corps was given the responsibility for the operation of all British militaryairships. TheRoyal Navy retained control of all British airships until December 1919.[6]
Horatio Clarence Hocken wasreelected mayor of Toronto, defeatingFred McBrien with over 21,000 votes to the challenger's 16,000. The city also elected to city councilLouis Singer, the first representative of Toronto's large Jewish community.[7]
TheFive Nations Championship – an internationalrugby tournament – commenced with England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales in competition. Originally started out as the Home Nations Championships involving only the countries in the British Isles, the name was changed to reflect the inclusion of France. Ten matches were spread out over weeks with the final played in April.[12]
The copyright on theRichard Wagner operaParsifal expired allowing it to be staged outside ofBayreuth,Germany. Over 50 opera houses around Europe stage performances over a seven-month period.[14]
French artistCharles Ginner introduced the concept ofneorealism in a manifesto published in the art magazineNew Age.[15]
The Hurtig & Seamon's New Burlesque Theater opened inHarlem, New York City. It was renamed theApollo Theater in 1934 when the music hall began allowing black patrons, becoming one of the most famous venues for African-American music and live performers.[16]
Battle of Ojinaga – An estimated 1,000 casualties were reported as the battle moved into its second day, withPancho Villa's troops under the command of Gen.Toribio Ortega Ramírez slowly gaining ground against defending federal troops inOjinaga, Mexico in spite of constant artillery bombardment. Many federal troops deserted and crossed the Mexican-U.S. border intoPresidio, Texas where theUnited States Army assisted theRed Cross in setting up a mobile hospital to treat wounded while at the same time disarming and turning away hundreds of others.[22]
Battle of Ojinaga – An estimated 2,000 wounded or deserting Mexican federal troops crossed the Mexican–U.S. border intoPresidio, Texas asPancho Villa's revolutionary troops pounded federal defenses in the town ofOjinaga, Mexico.[25]
The returnedMona Lisa only received 60 visits at theLouvre in Paris.[26] The painting had been missing for about2+1⁄2 years beforeVincenzo Peruggia, a Louvre employee who had stolen the painting, attempted to sell it to museum officials inFlorence.[27]
World Baseball Tour – TheNew York Giants and theChicago White Sox entertained crowds in Sydney, Australia with an exhibition game ofbaseball, with the Sox beating the Giants, 5–4.[30]
TankerOklahoma on her return trip toPort Arthur, Texas ran into a strong gale while approximately 60 nautical miles (110 km) south east ofCape May,New Jersey and broke in two with the loss of one passenger and 25 of her 38 crew. Survivors were rescued by German linerBavaria and the steamerGregory.[33]
Battle of Ojinaga –Pancho Villa relieved GeneralToribio Ortega Ramírez of command after the officer ordered his men to withdraw after four days of fruitless attacks against federal troops barricaded in the town ofOjinaga, Mexico. An additional 1,000 revolutionary soldiers were brought up fromChihuahua City to strengthen the current attacking force.[34]
CanadianschoonerIonia sank during a storm offSable Island – located 109 miles (175 km) southeast ofNova Scotia – with all seven crew reported lost.[36]
Zabern Affair – Military trials commenced inStrasbourg, Germany for Colonel Adolf von Reuter, commanding officer of the Prussian Infantry Regiment 99 inSaverne,Alsace (now in France), and Second Lieutenant Schadt, both charged of unlawfully appropriating authority from the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913.[38]
Ford Motor Company announced an eight-hour workday and a daily wage of $5. The new workplace policy increased the auto manufacturer's productivity, and a significant increase in profit margin (from $30 million to $60 million in two years).[39][40][41][42]
World Baseball Tour – TheNew York Giants and theChicago White Sox played their second baseball exhibition game in Sydney, Australia with the Sox beating the Giants, 10–5.[45]
Battle of Ojinaga – In a surreal turn inPancho Villa's bloody campaign to takeOjinaga, the Mexican revolutionary signed a film deal with Harry Aitken, who opened the Reliance-Majestic Studio withD. W. Griffith inHollywood,California later that year. Aitken had sent a film crew of 10 to theOjinaga battle site to shoot footage of the fighting from the revolutionary army's viewpoint. Aitken was quoted in the press with having second thoughts about the contract between his production company and Villa: "How would you feel to be a partner with a man engaged in killing people, and do you suspect the fact that moving picture machines are in range to immortalize an act of daring or of cruel brutality will have any effect on the warfare itself?"[48]
TheAlexandre La Valley, an old French crane boat, completed its transit though newly completedPanama Canal on a test run, becoming the first actual vessel to do so. TheSS Ancon would be the first ship to officially transit the canal on August 15, 1914.[50]
Some 200Ottoman Empire soldiers were arrested on board a steamer the port city ofAvlona,Albania by the country's provisional government. The Empire had intended to land troops in the port and proclaim Gen.Ahmed Izzet Pasha "King of Albania." Martial law was declared in the country immediately after the arrests, leading to arevolt among the Albanian peasantry.[51]
Battle of Ojinaga –Pancho Villa delayed an attack on federal troops barricaded in the town ofOjinaga, Mexico until a four-man film crew from New York City was able to cross the Mexican-U.S. border and reach the rebel army's line. Villa had signed a contract with Harry Aitken and Frank M. Thayer ofMutual Film to have the battle filmed. Footage of the battle was edited into staged scenes to give the film more of a narrative and released asThe Life of General Villa, produced byD. W. Griffith and directed byRaoul Walsh who also appeared in the film. The film is now presumably lost.[52][53]
World Baseball Tour – The tour moved on toMelbourne, Australia where theNew York Giants attempted to even out the series wins on the continent with a 12–8 victory over theChicago White Sox in front of a crowd of 10,000.[54]
South African workers with The Amalgamated Society of Railway and Harbour Servants began to strike in theTransvaal andOrange Free State over the previous October decision of the Railway Administration to retrench labor.[56]
Battle of Ojinaga –Pancho Villa led a force of 7,000 troops and capturedOjinaga, forcing more than half of the 4,000 defending federal troops to retreat over the Mexican-U.S. border. The victory effectively gave Villa control of nearly all of northern Mexico and cemented his reputation as a great military leader.[59]
Yuan Shikai, Provisional President for theRepublic of China, formally dissolved Parliament after defeating political opponentsChinese Revolutionary Party through months of political and military maneuvers. Yuan began steps to replace the republic's provisional constitution with his own and within months proclaimed himself as China's new emperor.[60]
Zabern Affair – A military court inStrasbourg, Germany acquitted commanding officer Colonel Adolf von Reuter and Second Lieutenant Schadt for illegally appropriating the civilian police during and after a public protest on November 28, 1913, inSaverne,Alsace.[61]
Canadian Arctic Expedition – After drifting in ice for several months in theBeaufort Sea, the polar expedition crew of the shipKarluk were wakened to "a severe shudder [that] shook the whole ship," according to expedition member William Laird McKinlay. It was evident ice was attacking the hull, and at 6:45 AM a loud bang was heard, indicating the hull has been punctured. CaptainRobert Bartlett observed a gash 10 feet (3.0 m) in the ship's engine room. With the pumps unable to handle the inflow of water, Bartlett ordered the crew to abandon ship.[62]
Rent strike organizers for 300 tenants living in the Burley area ofLeeds called for a city-wide protest against a significant increase in rents imposed by the Leeds branch of the Property Owners Association. The strike lasted eight weeks.[63]
John G. Morrison and his son Arling were killed in theirSalt Lake City grocery store by two armed intruders masked in red bandannas. Later that evening, labor activist Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, better known asJoe Hill, met a local doctor to be treated for a bullet wound in the left lung. Hill claimed he had been shot following an argument with a woman but refused to name her. The doctor later reported to police that Hill was also armed with apistol. Police investigators searched Hill's residence and found a red bandanna but the pistol purported to be in Hill's possession was never found. Hill denied involvement in the robbery and the killing of Morrison. Hill did not know Morrison, and at his trial, defense lawyers pointed out four other people were treated for bullet wounds that same night, and the entry and size of the bullet wound aligned with Hill's testimony of the circumstances when he was shot.[66]
TheSakurajimavolcano in Japan began to erupt after being dormant for over a century, becoming effusive after a very largeearthquake onJanuary 12. The lava flow caused the island which it formed to be linked to theŌsumi Peninsula.[70]
Canadian Arctic Expedition – The expedition's flagship – theKarluk – was completely abandoned. The crew had worked throughout yesterday when the hull break was discovered and overnight in pitch darkness and driving snow to add rations and equipment to stockpiles already left out on the ice for emergency. At 3:15 PM, CaptainRobert Bartlett playedChopin's Funeral March on the ship'sVictrola before stepping off theKarluk. The ship sank within minutes. Stranded on the ice were 22 men, one woman, two children, 16 dogs and a cat. The team immediately assembled a "Shipwreck Camp" as they prepared for a march toWrangel Island, the nearest piece of land, in February when daylight hours were longer.[72]
The Jagadbandhu Institution, an all-boys academy, was established by Jagadbandhu Roy inCalcutta. The school was renowned for producing famous Indian leaders, scholars, artists and scientists including English scholarChinmoy Guha, art criticSamik Bandyopadhyay, and historianTapan Raychaudhuri.[74]
Norway'sOscar Mathisen achieved the second of five world records inspeed skating for January, skating 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m inOslo.[68]
Karen Blixen, author ofOut of Africa, arrived inKenya and was married the same day to her second cousin Bror Flixen-Finecke, receiving the title of baroness.[82]
Mahatma Gandhi andJan Smuts, South Africa's Minister of the Interior, met after a month-long impasse and reached a deal on tax relief for the country's Indian community and a repeal of a state court ruling not to recognize polygamous marriage. The success of reaching a deal after months of civil strife between the Indian community and the South African establishment earned Gandhi the titleMahatma,Sanskrit for "high-souled" or "venerable."[87][88][89]
TheSMS Szent István battleship for theAustro-Hungarian Navy was launched byGanz & Company inFiume (nowRijeka,Croatia). The launching was plagued with problems from the start, with neither theEmperor of AustriaFranz Joseph norArchduke Franz Ferdinand being able to attend. During the launching itself, a starboard anchor had to be dropped to prevent the ship from hitting another ship carrying spectators, but the anchor chain had not been shackled and it struck two dockworkers, killing one and crushing the arm of the other.[93]
The 13th annual Detroit Auto Show was held on the first three floors of the Ford branch building on Woodward and Boulevard,Detroit.[94]
Speed skaterOscar Mathisen of Norway achieved two world records in one day inDavos, Switzerland. He beat his own world record of 43.7 seconds in the 500 m set earlier in the month with 43.4, and skated to a new world record of 8:36.6 minutes in the 5,000 m. He would eventually complete the month with five world records in total.[68]
TheDublin lock-out ended after four months of dispute between 20,000 workers and 300 employers in Ireland's capital city. Most workers returned to their jobs, signing pledges not to unionize.[100][page needed]
Norwegian athleteOscar Mathisen became the world's bestspeed skater of 1914, capping an incredible world-breaking month with his fifth world record inDavos, Switzerland. He broke his own record of 2:19.4 minutes in the 1,500 m with 2:17.4 minutes.[68]
American industrialistF. Lewis Clark disappeared while on a business trip toSanta Barbara, California. Speculation of his disappearance included possible suicide "by jumping from a pier" in Santa Barbara, as his hat was found in the water nearby.[103]
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, also known as theSOLAS Convention, was adopted as an international maritime safety treaty. The treaty was in part drafted and adopted in response to the sinking of theTitanic in1912. Elements of the convention included prescribed numbers oflifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures for commercial ships, and the establishment of theInternational Ice Patrol to monitor and alert sea vessels of ice bergs entering major northern shipping lanes.[108]
The Daily Telegraph reported that Karl Richter, a German employee with theSiemens Tokyo office, had been arrested in Germany for stealing documents indicating that Siemens had previously paid a bribe of 1,000 pounds sterling to the Japanese navy. Richter sold the incriminating documents to theReuters news agency, along with a telegram from Siemens head office asking the Japanese navy for clarification on a deal offered byVickers, a British firm, offering more competitive naval contracts over Siemens (which held a virtual monopoly in Japan). Richter was sentenced to two years in prison but his actions led to military intelligence investigations that uncovered many Japanese naval officers had received extensive bribes from various foreign companies.[110]
Twelve remaining defendants in theBarisal Conspiracy Case pleaded guilty to conspiracy to wage war against the British Crown in aCalcutta court. Originally, 44 Bengalis had been charged for plans to incite rebellion against theRaj. Five received sentences between 10 and 12 years, and the remaining five to seven years.[114]
British shipping companiesJ. P. Corry & Company, Wm. Milburn & Company, Thos. B. Royden & Company and Tyser & Company amalgamated to become the Commonwealth and Dominion Line. The shipping line would be bought out by American-basedCunard Line but retained its operating independence, re-branding itself asPort Line Limited in 1937.[117]
World Baseball Tour – In the only stopover in Asia outside of China and Japan, British tea magnateThomas Lipton hosted the touringNew York Giants and theChicago White Sox team inColombo,Ceylon (nowSri Lanka). The two teams also played five innings for a crowd of 5,000, with the Sox beating the Giants, 4–1.[119]
Danish boxerWaldemar Holberg defeated Ray Bronson over 20 rounds inMelbourne, Australia and claimed the vacant World Welterweight Championship, only to lose the title 23 days later to Ireland'sTom McCormick after a sixth round foul, also at Melbourne.[121]
The operaMadeleine by American composerVictor Herbert premiered at theMetropolitan Opera in New York City. Herbert's second opera was not as well received as his operettas and musicals and dropped out of sight after six runs.[122]
Czech pianist Marie Dvořáková of the Organ School inBrno,Moravia performed the compositionIn the Mists by Czech composerLeoš Janáček for the first time in public.[123]
Belgian literary Nobel prize winnerMaurice Maeterlinck's criticisms of theCatholic Church, including his vocal opposition to theCatholic Party anti-union stance in Belgium during a nation-wide labor dispute, motivated theVatican to issue a decree to place hisopera omnia on theIndex Librorum Prohibitorum, a list for literary work banned by the Church.[128]
Percy Jones became the first Welsh boxer to hold a world title, winning triple crown in British, European and Worldfeatherweight titles, against title holderBill Ladbury. Jones outpointed Ladbury in a 20-round onslaught to win by decision.[130]
Haiti presidentMichel Oreste abdicated and fled the country whileUSS Montana landed 150Marines inPort-au-Prince to retain order. The reformist leader was pushed out by forces loyal to the landowning elite in the country.[131]
Canadian suffragistNellie McClung staged a mock play with fellow suffragists at the Walker Theatre inWinnipeg,Manitoba. The play ridiculedManitobaPremierRodmond Roblin's opposition to women receiving the vote. The women acted as Members of Parliament, with McClung playing the role of Premier, and held a mock debate about whether to give men the vote. The play was a success and helped advance the cause of women's suffrage. In January 1916,Manitoba became the first Canadian province to give women the right to vote.[134]
An estimated 1,300 civilians were massacred by "bandit" soldiers underBai Lang – known in media as the "White Wolf" – during the looting of Liuanchow in the Nganhwei Province, China.[139]
U.S. PresidentWoodrow Wilson directly wired cordial birthday wishes toKaiser Wilhelm, the first time the United States and Germany exchanged messages using direct wireless communication.[141]
Pancho Villa formally confirmed he would not seek the presidency of Mexico should the revolution be successful, stating he continued to put his support behind GeneralVenustiano Carranza should the revolutionary leader ever run for president: "As proof of my loyalty and as evidence that I have no ambition to become president, I would leave the country if he ordered me to do so."[142]
Born:Bonnie Prudden, American activist, promoter of physical fitness during theDwight D. Eisenhower administration and the formation of President's Council on Youth Fitness; as Ruth Alice Prudden, in New York City, United States (d.2011)[citation needed]
Theocean linerMonroe collided withNantucket at 2 AM in the Atlantic Ocean 50 nautical miles (93 km) off theVirginia Capes,Virginia and sank with the loss of 41 of the 140 people on board. Survivors were rescued byNantucket.[144]
An "explosion of fire-damp" in acolliery killed 22 miners and injured another 17 inDortmund, Germany.[145]
Pancho Villa announced his army would be adopting more "civilized warfare," especially in relation to treating prisoners of war, after procuring aUnited States Army manual titled "The Ethics of International Warfare." The announcement was part of dialogue withNew MexicoGovernorWilliam C. McDonald who visited Villa inChihuahua City, Mexico in the aftermath of the border battle atOjinaga.[146]
^John Mraz,Photographing the Mexican Revolution, Austin: University of Texas Press 2012, pp. 246–47. Inv. #287647. Fondo Casasola. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional de INAH.
^Knottnerus, Otto S. (2007)."Kornelis ter Laan".Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbeweging in Nederland (in Dutch).Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.
^Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998).停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 99.ISBN4-533-02980-9.
^Răduică, Georgeta (1995).Dicţionarul presei româneşti (1731–1918). București: Editura Ştiinţifică.ISBN973-44-0123-8.
^Taylor, Erika (18 June 2015)."Celebrations on the Tweed!".Blogs. National Library of Australia. Archived fromthe original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved15 April 2016.
^"San Marco" (in Italian). Triesterivista.it.Archived from the original on 8 December 2023.
^"Variety Theatres (classified ads)".Daily Express. 3 January 1914. Most sources incorrectly state 4 January (which was a Sunday, when it was against the law for UK theatres to open). TheDaily Express advertisement reads "To-night at 8.30, First Performance ofNUTS AND WINE, The latest revue, by C H BOVILL and G P [sic] WODEHOUSE" and a review on Monday, 5 January, referred to the performance on "Saturday night".
^Neagoe, Stelian (1995).Istoria guvernelor României de la începuturi – 1859 până în zilele noastre – 1995.Bucharest: Editura Machiavelli.
^Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009)."Who's Who – Ion IC Bratianu".FirstWorldWar.com. Michael Duffy.Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved25 May 2014.
^"The wreck of the Oklahoma".The Times. No. 40413. 6 January 1914. p. 6.
^McCrory Stores Corporation display advertisement inThe New York Times. December 15, 1915. p. 18. In full: An Investment embracing safety, good income, and possibilities for considerable advancement in market value is presented in the Preferred Stock of the McCrory Stores Corporation. Price to yield 7%. Write for Circular T. M. MERRILL, LYNCH & CO. 7 Wall Street, NEW YORK. Penobscot Bldg. DETROIT. Telephone Rector 4940.
^McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993).The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 799.ISBN978-0-19-864339-5. Retrieved31 August 2013. Quote: (mahā- (S. "great, mighty, large, ..., eminent") +ātmā (S. "1.soul, spirit; the self, the individual; the mind, the heart;2. the ultimate being.") : "high-souled, of noble nature; a noble or venerable man."
^Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006)p. 172: "... Kasturba would accompany Gandhi on his departure from Cape Town for England in July 1914en route to India. ... In different South African towns (Pretoria,Cape Town,Bloemfontein,Johannesburg, and theNatal cities ofDurban andVerulam), the struggle's martyrs were honoured and the Gandhi's bade farewell. Addresses in Durban and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'. He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice. (p. 172)"
^Sieche, Erwin F. (1991). "S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought".Warship International. Toledo, Ohio: Warship International Research Organization:112–146.ISSN0043-0374.
^Hudson, Sam (1975).The Story of Plymouth, Michigan: A Midwest Microcosm. Plymouth Historical Society.
^Knapp, Bettina (1975).Maurice Maeterlinck.Boston: Thackery Publishers. pp. 133–138.
^McIlvaine, E.; Sherby, L.S.; Heineman, J.H. (1990).P.G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman. pp. 26–27.ISBN087008125X.
^"History". Village of Clyde. Retrieved3 December 2024.
^Donovan, Larry & Monto, Tom (2006).Alberta Place Names: The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta. Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. p. 45.ISBN1-896124-11-9.
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