Januária | |
|---|---|
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname: Portuguese:A Rainha das Águas Bonitas (The Queen of the Beautiful Waters) | |
 Location inBrazil | |
  Januária | |
| Coordinates:15°29′16″S44°21′43″W / 15.48778°S 44.36194°W /-15.48778; -44.36194 | |
| Country |  Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | North of Minas Gerais |
| Microregion | Januária |
| Founded | October 7, 1860 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Manoel Jorge de Castro |
| Area | |
• Total | 6,691.174 km2 (2,583.477 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 434 m (1,424 ft) |
| Population (2020[1]) | |
• Total | 67,852 |
| • Density | 10.14/km2 (26.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| HDI (2000) | 0.699 |
| Website | http://www.januaria.mg.gov.br |
Januária is amunicipality in northernMinas Gerais state,Brazil. It is located on the left bank of theSão Francisco River. The population was 67,852 inhabitants (IBGE 2020) and the area of the municipality was 6,691 km2 (2007).
Januária is limited in the north by the state ofBahia,Bonito de Minas andCônego Marinho, in the south withSão Francisco, in the east withPedras de Maria da Cruz andItacarambi, and in the west withChapada Gaúcha.
Januária is also a statistical microregion (number 31) consisting of 16 municipalities:Bonito de Minas,Chapada Gaúcha,Cônego Marinho,Icaraí de Minas,Itacarambi, Januária,Juvenília,Manga,Matias Cardoso,Miravânia,Montalvânia,Pedras de Maria da Cruz,Pintópolis,São Francisco,São João das Missões, andUrucuia. The area is 15,945.80 km2 and the population was 246,071 in 2000.
Due to the size of the municipality there are several districts. They are Brejo do Amparo, Levinópolis, Pandeiros, Riacho da Cruz, São Joaquim, Tejuco, and Várzea Bonita.
With an elevation of 454.87 meters the average annual temperature is 26°C. Temperatures vary between maxima of 38°C and 12.6°C. The climate is tropical with transition to semi-arid and its vegetation is composed ofcerrado (savanna) and clusters ofcaatinga (thorn bush). The size of the municipality ranks it among the 75 largest municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais.
| Climate data for Januária (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.2 (102.6) | 38.9 (102.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 38.1 (100.6) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.5 (97.7) | 38.6 (101.5) | 37.9 (100.2) | 41.8 (107.2) | 41.6 (106.9) | 41.5 (106.7) | 39.4 (102.9) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.8 (89.2) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.1 (93.4) | 34.7 (94.5) | 31.9 (89.4) | 31.2 (88.2) | 32.0 (89.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.5 (70.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.5 (76.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 19.2 (66.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 14.7 (58.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.2 (59.4) | 18.2 (64.8) | 20.8 (69.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.7 (69.3) | 18.5 (65.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 13.5 (56.3) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.4 (54.3) | 11.0 (51.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | 7.2 (45.0) | 7.9 (46.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.5 (54.5) | 11.2 (52.2) | 11.7 (53.1) | 7.2 (45.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 162.0 (6.38) | 121.5 (4.78) | 142.0 (5.59) | 36.9 (1.45) | 8.6 (0.34) | 1.5 (0.06) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.9 (0.04) | 8.0 (0.31) | 52.9 (2.08) | 191.6 (7.54) | 208.1 (8.19) | 934.2 (36.78) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.4 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 4.6 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 58.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 75.4 | 72.6 | 76.8 | 72.6 | 67.0 | 62.7 | 56.3 | 50.7 | 48.6 | 53.7 | 71.0 | 76.8 | 65.4 |
| Averagedew point °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) | 20.8 (69.4) | 21.0 (69.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 17.5 (63.5) | 15.1 (59.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 16.3 (61.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.8 (69.4) | 17.7 (63.9) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 228.8 | 216.7 | 226.8 | 250.5 | 265.8 | 264.2 | 281.9 | 284.7 | 252.7 | 233.9 | 168.7 | 176.4 | 2,851.1 |
| Source 1:NOAA[2] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (sun 1981–2010[3][4] | |||||||||||||
The most important route of communication with the rest of the state is the BR-135. A modern bridge has substituted the ferry on the river. The distance toBelo Horizonte, the state capital, is 613 km.
Januária lies in an agro-pastoral region. Some changes have been implemented in recent years such as irrigation, soybean cultivation, and the decline of cotton cultivation.
Important crops are sugar cane (from which it inherited the fame of having one of the best rums in Brazil), corn, manioc and beans. Mango, breadfruit, coconut, orange, avocado, cashew, and bananas are also produced.
Like almost all the cities in this area of Minas Gerais cattle raising is an important economic activity. In 2006 there were 62,000 head—small when the size of the municipality is taken into consideration.
Small industries produce rum, vinegar, cotton by-products, shoes, and furniture.
Motor vehicles in 2007
Main crops in area 2006
Farm data for 2006
From this data we can see that the planted area is small compared to the total agricultural area and that there are many people still living in the rural zone of the municipality. The number of tractors per farm was very low.
The first explorers arrived in 1553 looking for gold. They were led by the Spaniards Francisco Bruza de Espinosa and Father João de Apicuelta Navarro. The first settlement was called Brejo do Salgado, due to the salinity of the streams and the marshes. The first sugarcane mill was set up and soon a chapel followed dedicated to Nossa Senhora do Amparo. In 1833 Brejo do Salgado became a "vila", or town and the seat was transferred to the left bank of the São Francisco River, the name being changed to Januária, in homage to Princess Januária, daughter of the Emperor Pedro I. In 1860 Januária was elevated to the category of city. The surrounding area was immense with several districts such as São Caetano do Japoré (today the city ofManga), São João das Missões, Jacaré (today the city ofItacarambi), Conceição de Morrinhos (today the city ofMatias Cardoso), Mocambo (today a district ofLevinópolis) all created in 1903.[7]
Districts created and lost
The location on the banks of one of the most important rivers in Brazil opens up many recreational possibilities. In the months of July, August, and September when the river is low and relatively clean there are extensive beaches along the river sought after by swimmers and sunbathers. Nearby there is a fifteen meter high waterfall called the Cachoeira de Pandeiros which has a large area for swimming. In the city itself the nineteenth century architecture has been preserved in many government buildings and private houses, with the most important being the Casa da Memoria (1910) and the City Hall (1890).[8]The municipality contains part of theCavernas do Peruaçu National Park, which holds the dramaticGruta do Janelão, a large limestone cave.
The city is served byJanuária Airport 5 km (3 mi) to the northwest of the city.
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