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Janina vilayet

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(Redirected fromJanina Vilayet)
Province of the Ottoman Empire from 1867 to 1912
ولايت يانیه
Vilâyet-i Yānyâ
Vilayet ofOttoman Empire
1867–1912
Flag of Janina Vilayet
Flag

The Janina Vilayet in 1867–1912
CapitalYanya (Ioannina)
Population 
• 1897[1]
595,108
• 1911[2]
560,835
History 
1867
1912
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Ioannina Eyalet
Kingdom of Greece
Principality of Albania
Today part ofAlbania
Greece
A map showing the administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire in 1899, including the Vilayet of Janina and its Sanjaks.

TheVilayet of Janina,Yanya orIoannina (Ottoman Turkish:ولايت يانیه,romanized: Vilâyet-i Yanya)[3] was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of theOttoman Empire, established in 1867.[4] In the late 19th century, it reportedly had an area of 18,320 square kilometres (7,070 sq mi).[5] It was created by merging thePashalik of Yanina and thePashalik of Berat with the sanjaks ofJanina,Berat,Ergiri,Preveze,Tırhala andKesriye. Kesriye was later demoted to kaza and bounded toMonastir Vilayet and Tırhala wasgiven to Greece in 1881. With the end of the Ottoman rule, the southern area of the vilayed became part of Greece and its northern area became part ofAlbania.

History

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This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(September 2011)

Albanians

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See also:Albanian National Awakening

The territory of the Janina vilayet was the central area of the AlbanianPashalik of Yanina, which underAli Pasha of Tepelena acquired an increasingly independent status within the Ottoman Empire, until Ali Pasha's rebellion against the Porte was crushed. Thereafter, the power and autonomy acquired by the Albanian beys of the region ended whenthey were massacred by the Ottoman Empire in the town ofManastir in 1830, in order to prevent any potential spread of theAlbanian national movement.[6]

Janina Vilayet was one of the main centers of the cultural and political life ofAlbanians who lived in Janina Vilayet andMonastir Vilayet.[7] One of the most important reasons was the influence by Greek education and culture south-Albanian writers received in the famous Greek school of Ioannina, theZosimaia.[7]Abdyl Frashëri, the first political ideologue of theAlbanian National Awakening[8] was one of the six deputies from Janina Vilayet in the firstOttoman Parliament in 1876–1877.[9]Abdyl Frashëri, fromFrashër, modernAlbania, together withMehmet Ali Vrioni fromBerat (also in modernAlbania), and some members ofIoannina's Albanian community, founded theAlbanian Committee of Janina in May 1877.[7] Frashëri fought against decisions of theTreaty of San Stefano.[7]

Greeks

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Educational institutions in Vilayet (1908): red for Greek, purple for Romanian, blue for Italian
Ottoman map of the south part of the Vilayet (1896)

Although part of the local population contributed greatly to theGreek War of Independence (1821–1830), thePashalik of Yanina did not become part of the Greek state. In 1878, arebellion broke out with the revolutionaries, mostly local Greeks, taking control ofSarandë and Delvinë. However, it was suppressed by the Ottoman troops, who burned 20 villages of the region.[10]

In the following year, the Greek population of Ioannina region authorized a committee in order to present to the European governments their wish for union with Greece.[11]

In 1906 the organizationEpirote Society was founded by members of the Greek diaspora,Panagiotis Danglis andSpyros Spyromilios, that aimed at the annexation of the vilayet to Greece[12] by supplying local Greeks with firearms.[13]

End of Ottoman rule

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During theAlbanian Revolt of 1912 Janina Vilayet was proposed as one of four vilayets consistingAlbanian Vilayet. TheOttoman government ended the Albanian revolts by accepting almost all demands of Albanian rebels on September 4, 1912, which included the formation of the vilayet later in 1912.[14]

Following theFirst Balkan War of 1912–1913 and theTreaty of London the southern part of the vilayet, includingIoannina, was incorporated into Greece.[15] Greece had also seized the northern part of the vilayet during theBalkan Wars, but theTreaty of Bucharest, which concluded theSecond Balkan War, assigned it to Albania.[16]

Demographics

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The vilayet of Janina was ethnically, linguistically and culturally diverse.

There have been a number of estimates about the ethnicity and the religious affiliation of the local population. The Ottoman Empire classified and counted its citizens according to religion and not ethnicity, which led to inefficient censuses and lack of classification of populations according to their ethnic groups.[17][18][19][20][21] The vilayet was predominantly inhabited byAlbanians andGreeks, while the major religions were Islam and Christian Orthodoxy.[22][23][24] The districts of Janina which were later incorporated into Greece were heavily Greek.[25][26]

According to the 1890/91 Ottoman Yearly report, the vilayet of Janina had 512,812 inhabitants, of which 44% were Muslims, 48% wereorthodox Christians 7% wereAromanians, and 0.7% were Jewish. Orthodox Albanians constituted for 52% of the Orthodox population, whilst Greeks constituted 48% of the Orthodox population. Albanians accounted for 69% of the population whilst Greeks accounted for 23% of it.[27]

According to Aram Andonyan and Zavren Biberyan in 1908 of a total population of 648,000, 315,000 inhabitants wereAlbanians, most of which were Muslims and Orthodox, and some who were adherents ofRoman Catholicism.[28] Aromanians andGreeks were about 180,000 and 110,000 respectively.[28] Smaller communities includedBulgarians,Turks,Romanis andJews.[28]

According to Tom Winnifrith and Eleftheria Nikolaidou the Ottoman statistics of 1908 afterthe recognition of the Aromanian community provide the following figures per ethnic group: out of a total population of 550,000 the Greeks were the most numerous (300,000), followed by Albanians (210,000), Aromanians (25,000) and the Jewish community (3,000).[29][30] Nikolaidou adds that the sanjaks of Janina, Preveza and Gjirokastër were predominantly Greek, the sanjak of Igoumenitsa (then Gümeniçe, Reşadiye between 1909 and 1913 due to honour ofMehmet V, Ottoman Sultan) had a slight majority of Greeks, and that of Berat north was predominantly Albanian.[29] According to her the official Ottoman statistics in the Vilayet of Janina had the tendency to favor the Albanian element at the expense of the Greek one.[31] Winnifrith considers the Ottoman statistics of 1908 as unreliable. He states that a decline of the population is noticeable in these figures as a result of emigration to Greece and America, while the Aromanian figure appears small.[30]

Heraclides & Kromidha (2023) argue that Albanians were the majority in the whole vilayet with 2/3 of Albanians being Muslims, while Christian Orthodox Greeks formed a strong minority. Albanians were dominant in the north and center of the vilayet, and Greeks dominant in the south.[32]

According to SirHamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb in 1895 there were c. 224,000 Muslims. The Orthodox population included c. 118,000 Greeks (partly of Albanian origin, Hellenized over a century by Greek religious and educational institutions) and c. 129,500 Albanians, and the Jewish population amounted to 3,500 people.[33] According to Zafer Golen two-thirds of the population were Albanian Muslims,[34] while according to Dimitrios Chasiotis c. 419,403 of the total population were Greeks, along with 239,000 Turks and Albanians, and 6,000 Jews.[35] Lontos estimated that 3/4 of the population was Christian.[35]

Ottoman Official statistic of 1893 & 1911
Group1893[36]1911[2]
Orthodox ("Greeks")[38]286,304311,032
Muslims ("Turks")[38]225,415244,638
Jews3,6773,990
Catholics83-
Other9971,175
Total516,476560,835
Non-official estimates of Yanya Vilayet
Ethnicity1890-91(Dushku)[27]1895 (Gibb)[39]1908 (Andonyan & Biberyan)[28]1908 (Nikolaidou)[29]
Albanians353,840129,517 - 353,495315,000210,000
Greeks117,947118,033110,000300,000
Aromanians35,897180,00025,000
Turks0 - 223,88510,00020,000
Bulgarians20,000
Romani7,000
Jews3,5903,5176,0003,000
Total512,812474,952648,000550,000

Administrative divisions

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Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[40]

  1. Sanjak of Ioannina (Yanya,Aydonat,Filat,Maçova,Leskovik,Koniçe)
  2. Sanjak ofErgiri (Ergiri,Delvine,Sarandoz,Premedi,Fraşer,Tepedelen,Kurvelesh,Himara)
  3. Sanjak of Preveze (Preveze,Loros,Margliç)
  4. Sanjak of Berat (Berat,Avlonya,Loşine,Fir)

See also

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Sources

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References

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  1. ^Mutlu, Servet."Late Ottoman population and its ethnic distribution"(PDF). pp. 29–31. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-18. Retrieved2012-12-24. Corrected population for Mortality Level=8.
  2. ^abTeaching Modern Southeast European HistoryArchived 2012-03-20 at theWayback Machine. Alternative Educational Materials, p. 26
  3. ^Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Yanya ("Yearbook of the Vilayet of Janina"), Vilâyet matbaası, Yanya [Greece], 1288 [1871]. in the website of Hathi Trust Digital Library.
  4. ^Rumelia at theEncyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^Europe byÉliseé Reclus, page 152
  6. ^Dauti, Daut (2023).Britain, the Albanian National Question and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 19.ISBN 9781350349544.
  7. ^abcdTrencsényi, Balázs; Kopeček, Michal (2006).Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries. Late Enlightenment - Emergence of the Modern National Idea. Vol. 1.Central European University Press. p. 348.ISBN 963-7326-52-9.
  8. ^Kopeček, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006),Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945), vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 348,ISBN 963-7326-52-9, retrievedJanuary 18, 2011,the first political ideologue of the Albanian Revival..
  9. ^Balázs Trencsényi, Michal Kopeček (2006).Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945). Central European University Press.ISBN 9789637326523. Retrieved19 September 2010.In the first Ottoman parliament of 1876–1877 he was one of six deputies appointed for Iannina villayet
  10. ^M. V. Sakellariou.Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon.ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 292.
  11. ^Sakellariou M. V..Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn, 1997,ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 293
  12. ^Sakellariou, M. V. (1997).Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon. p. 310.ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  13. ^Sakellariou, M. V. (1997).Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotike Athenon. p. 360.ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  14. ^Shaw, Stanford J.; Ezel Kural Shaw (2002) [1977]."Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt".History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. Vol. 2. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. p. 293.ISBN 0-521-29166-6. RetrievedJanuary 10, 2011.
  15. ^Clogg 2002, p. 105: "In February 1913 the Greek Army seized Ioannina, the capital of Epirus. The Turks recognized the gains of the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London, in May 1913."
  16. ^Clogg 2002, p. 105: "The Second Balkan War had short duration and the Bulgarians... to an independent Albania."
  17. ^classified Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000 William M. Hale
  18. ^Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Royal Historical Society
  19. ^Sarajevo:A Bosnian Kaleidoscope, Fran Markowitz
  20. ^Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Klaus Roth
  21. ^The Arab world, Turkey, and the Balkans (1878–1914): a handbook of historical statistics Justin McCarthy
  22. ^Justin McCarthy.Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press, 1995.ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9, p. 162
  23. ^Stephanie Schwanders-Sievers,Bernd Jürgen Fischer.Albanian identities: myth and history. Indiana University Press, 2002.ISBN 978-0-253-34189-1, p. 57.
  24. ^The revolution of 1908 in Turkey, Aykut Kansu
  25. ^Justin McCarthy.and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922. Darwin Press, 1995.ISBN 978-0-87850-094-9, p. 162
  26. ^Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers,Bernd Jürgen Fischer.myth and history. Indiana University Press, 2002.ISBN 978-0-253-34189-1, p. 57.
  27. ^abDushku, Ledia (2019-12-01)."The Vilayet of Ioannina in Front of Hellenism".Südost-Forschungen.78 (1): 70.doi:10.1515/sofo-2019-780106.ISSN 2364-9321.S2CID 229165927.
  28. ^abcdErickson, Edward J. (2003).Defeat in detail: the Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41.ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4. Retrieved23 January 2011.
  29. ^abcNikolaidou, Eleftheria (1997)."From the Congress of Berlin to the Liberation of Epirus".Epirus: 4000 of Greek Culture and Civilization. Ekdotike Athenon: 356.ISBN 9789602133712.
  30. ^abWinnifrith, Tom (2002).Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. p. 120.ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.Turkish figures in 1908, after the authorities... Vlachs is remarkably small
  31. ^Nikolaidou, Eleftheria (1997)."From the Congress of Berlin to the Liberation of Epirus".Epirus: 4000 of Greek Culture and Civilization: 356.ISBN 978-960-213-371-2.
  32. ^Heraclides, Alexis; Kromidha, Ylli (2023).Greek-Albanian Entanglements since the Nineteenth Century: A History. Taylor & Francis. p. 9.ISBN 9781003224242.In the Pashalik of Janina under Ali Pasha, a multiethnic semi-independent entity of some 75,000 square kilometres, which dominated the scene for more than 30 years, from 1788 until late 1821, the Greeks (Greek speakers to be more exact) formed the majority because the Pashalik was not confined to the original vilayet of Janina, but included other parts of southern Albania, a section of central Macedonia, most of Thessaly and even a large chunk of Sterea Ellada (Rumeli as it was then known), save for Viotia and Attica, as well as the city of Patras in Peloponnese (Morea as it was then known). (.) According to Nathalie Clayer and other specialists, to the north and centre of the vilayet, the Albanians dominated and in the south the Greeks. Most commentators tended to draw a line in the vilayet, from Saranda to Konica or from Himara and Girokaster to Konica, on the north of which the Albanians dominated and in the south the Greeks were preponderant. But there were several exceptions to this demarcation, such as the Chams in the south and the Vlachs and Roma in various places. In the whole vilayet, the Greek presence and influence were considerable in these 90 years, with the Greeks a strong minority but with the Albanian speakers, be they Muslim and Orthodox Christians, the majority of the population, two-thirds of which were Muslim Tosks and one-third Orthodox Christian Tosks, living mainly in the santzak of Girokaster and in the north and west of the Janina santzak.
  33. ^Gibb, Hamilton (1954).Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill. p. 652. Retrieved5 March 2011.According to the Ottoman year-book of 1895 there were, in the province of Yanya (Epirus and Albania south of the Devoll River), 223,885 Muslims, 118,033 Greeks, 129,517 Orthodox Albanians, 3,517 Jews and only 93 Roman Catholics. It must be added that a part of these Greeks were in origin Orthodox Albanians graecised through the Greek religious and educational institutions which were zealously founded beginning with the second half of the 18th century.
  34. ^MEHMET AKĠF ERSOY’UN GENÇLĠĞĠNDE BALKANLAR’DA OSMANLIArchived 2013-01-24 at theWayback Machine
  35. ^abM. V. Sakellariou.Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn, 1997,ISBN 9789602133712, p. 356
  36. ^Kemal H. Karpat.Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82-1893 Int. J. Middle East Stud. 9 (1978), 237-274, p. 37
  37. ^Nußberger Angelika; Wolfgang Stoppel (2001),Minderheitenschutz im östlichen Europa (Albanien)(PDF) (in German), Universität Köln, p. 8, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-03, retrieved2021-10-25,war im ubrigen noch keinerlei Nationalbewustsein anzutreffen, den nicht nationale, sodern religiose Kriterien bestimmten die Zugehorigkeit zu einer sozialen Gruppe, wobei alle Orthodoxe Christen unisono als Griechen galten, wahrend "Turk" fur Muslimen stand..." [...all Orthodox Christians were considered as "Greeks", while in the same fashion Muslims as "Turks
  38. ^abUnder the Ottoman classification system, all Orthodox Christians were classified as "Greeks", and all Muslims were classified as "Turks" - regardless of ethnic affiliation.[37]
  39. ^Gibb, Hamilton (1954).Encyclopedia of Islam. Brill. p. 652. Retrieved5 March 2011.
  40. ^Yanya Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet

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