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| Campaign | 1844 U.S. presidential election |
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| Candidate |
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| Affiliation | Democratic |
| Status | Won election: December 4, 1844 Inaugurated: March 4, 1845 |
| Key people | Andrew Jackson,John Tyler |
| Slogan(s) | Polk, Dallas, and the Tariff of 1842 54-40 or fight Reannexation of Texas and Reoccupation of Oregon |
The 1844 presidential campaign ofJames K. Polk, then both the formerspeaker of the United States House of Representatives andgovernor of Tennessee, was announced on May 27, 1844, in Baltimore, Maryland, however Polk had originally sought the vice-presidential nomination. At the 1844 Democratic National Convention on May 27, seven ballots were held before Polk was proposed as a compromise candidate and won on the ninth ballot.
On December 4, 1844, Polk defeated the Whig nominee,Henry Clay ofKentucky another former Speaker of the House, making him thePresident-elect. James K. Polk was electedPresident of the United States and George M. DallasVice President of the United States, with 170 of 275 electors.
Prior to his entrance to politics Polk's family would be hosts to multiple guests of importance such as the future president,Andrew Jackson, who was a family friend.[1][a] In 1825 Polk entered national politics with his victory in Tennessee's6th district and during the1824 Presidential election Polk stood behind Jackson in his attempt to take the presidency. Eleven years laterSpeaker of the HouseAndrew Stevenson resigned and with the support of Jackson, Polk attempted to become the Speaker, but was defeated byJohn Bell, but Bell's victory would only last one year before Jackson used his massive support among the Jacksonians to make Polk Speaker of the House in December 1835. Polk would remain Speaker for four more years until he left Congress to run for governor of Tennessee which he held for one term before his defeat in 1841. Polk's hopes to enter theExecutive branch started in 1840 when he hoped to become Martin Van Buren's vice president until he realized that the current vice president Richard M. Johnson was too popular to be replaced.[2]
Martin Van Buren was the frontrunner for the Democratic nomination until he voiced his belief that Texas should not be annexed, costing him the support of the Southern Democrats which would prevent him from taking the nomination on the first ballot. As the ballots continuedLewis Cass's delegate count eventually overtook Van Buren's, but his lack of experience prevented him from taking the nomination. On the eighth presidential ballotGeorge Bancroft proposed Polk as a compromise candidate and with the support of Andrew Jackson, took the nomination by the ninth ballot. For the vice-presidencySilas Wright was initially nominated, but he refused and was replaced by Pennsylvanian SenatorGeorge M. Dallas after he defeatedJohn Fairfield on the third ballot.
Polk's support of Manifest Destiny successfully distanced him from the "southern crusade for slavery" which allowed him to receive support from the Western Democrats and anti-slavery Northerners giving him a surge in voter turnout for the Democratic party.[3] Clay's refusal to take a stance on the issue of the annexation of Texas andJames G. Birney's full hearted stance against annexation allowed enough of Clay's dishearten supports to switch to Birney.[4][5] On December 1, 1844 the electoral college gave Polk the 170 electoral votes he won with 1,339,494 votes.
The expansion of the United States under Polk would inflame the issues of state's rights and slavery as the western territories attempted to become states in the 1850s. Coincidentally, Polk's actions would lead to the breakup of the Whig Party, the creation of the Republican Party, and a weakening of the Democratic Party for the next fifty years.[6]
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