James D. Phelan | |
|---|---|
 Portrait byHarris & Ewingc. 1915–1917 | |
| United States Senator fromCalifornia | |
| In office March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1921 | |
| Preceded by | George Clement Perkins |
| Succeeded by | Samuel M. Shortridge |
| 25th Mayor of San Francisco | |
| In office January 4, 1897 – January 7, 1902 | |
| Preceded by | Adolph Sutro |
| Succeeded by | Eugene Schmitz |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Duval Phelan (1861-04-20)April 20, 1861 San Francisco,California, U.S. |
| Died | August 7, 1930(1930-08-07) (aged 69) Saratoga, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Unmarried |
| Alma mater | St. Ignatius College University of California-Berkeley |
| Profession | Politician |
James Duval Phelan (April 20, 1861 – August 7, 1930) was an American politician, civic leader, and banker. He served as nonpartisanmayor of San Francisco from 1897 to 1902. As mayor he advocated municipally run utilities and tried to protect his constituents from the monopolistic practices of the trusts. He representedCalifornia in theUnited States Senate from 1915 to 1921 as aDemocrat. Phelan was a progressive supporter of the policies ofWoodrow Wilson and was a leader in the movement to restrict Japanese and Chinese immigration to the United States.[1]
Phelan was born inSan Francisco, the son of James Phelan, an Irish immigrant and banker, and Alice Kelly.[2]
In 1881 Phelan graduated from the Catholic Jesuit college in San Francisco,St. Ignatius College. He had two sisters, Alice Phelan Sullivan and Mary Louis Phelan.[3]
Phelan studied law at theUniversity of California, Berkeley and then became a banker. He was elected Mayor of San Francisco in1896, serving from 1897 until 1902, in three 2-year terms. He pushed for the reform City Charter of 1898 in San Francisco. He served as the first president of theLeague of California Cities, which was created in 1898.[4] He was the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate in1900, but lost to RepublicanThomas R. Bard.
Phelan was elected as a Senator of the United States and served from 1915 to 1921.[5] During this time, Phelan established himself as a leader in what fellow anti-Japanese agitatorV. S. McClatchy described as the "holy cause" ofJapanese exclusion.[6] He remained active in the anti-Japanese movement after leaving office, securing then-presidential candidateWoodrow Wilson's support for restricting Japanese immigration in 1912 and helping to push through California's discriminatoryalien land law in 1913.[7] Phelan was also an advocate for excluding Chinese from the United States. He promoted theChinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and wrote an article "Why the Chinese Should Be Excluded"(1901)[8] in theNorth American Review, to increase support for the extension of these laws. In a debate with Imperial Chinese Consul Ho Yow, Phelan mentioned that the Chinese were an undesirable population because they had strong ties to their native country and were incapable of assimilating to the American society. This debate occurred just nineteen months after theoutbreak of plague in San Francisco's Chinatown.[9] Phelan mentioned that the Chinese had different mindsets and that after twenty years, they remained unchanged in their values. He concluded that American progress would be stunted if the United States continued to allow Chinese immigrants to remain in the country, and that the Chinese workers were taking work away from white workers because they worked for so much lower wages and an accustomed lower standard of living, allowing their labor to be exploited unfairly, driving down conditions of labor and standards of living generally.[10]
In the 1900s, Phelan bought land and water acreage in various places around the San Francisco Bay Area, and he obtained the rights to the water flow of theTuolumne River inHetch Hetchy Valley.Ethan A. Hitchcock,Secretary of the Interior under PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, tried to stop Phelan, but Roosevelt decided that the wild area could be used for "the permanent material development of the region."[11] Phelan's plans for the region included publicly funded water and electricity for a geographical entity he called "Greater San Francisco."[11] With hisBohemian Club fellows, Phelan sought to annex land at the perimeter ofSan Francisco Bay.[11]
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In 1900, San Francisco citizens distrusted government for previous waste of taxpayers' money as well as previous refusal to enhance community resources.[12] Government officials refused to invest in public health because health was seen as a personal concern or even a commodity. For this reason, citizens had a lot of hope in Mayor Phelan, who had previously declared the need for healthier living conditions as well as the need for "health departments to provide salutary environments."[13]
During his tenure as the Mayor of San Francisco, Phelan and his administration were faced with dealing with theplague of 1900–1904 that infected thecity's Chinatown community. Prior to the plague outbreak in Chinatown, Phelan was an active advocate for improving public health in San Francisco. On October 25, 1897, Phelan addressed the California health board in San Francisco and stated that government intervention was needed in order to establish healthier living conditions.[13] He argued that public health departments required more funding to help improve living conditions. Furthermore, in 1899, Phelan continued his strong advocacy for public health and the prevention of disease through city measures. Later that year, in a shocking move, he opted instead to support an $18 million bond to create a new hospital, schools, and city parks.[14] In September 1899, Phelan and the San Francisco Board of Supervisors further defunded the cities health department. The San Francisco health department was only allocated $155,960 with two-thirds of that going towards the operation of a municipal hospital.[14] Shortly after, the health board members were released from their duties due to political in-house fighting and excessive patronage. After being sworn in, Phelan's new health department board members discovered that the department was broke and that within the first six months of fiscal year 1899-1900 the department had already spent the majority of its budget.[15] Through the defunding and mishandling of the department, Phelan and his administration left the health department and the city ill-prepared for what was looming around the corner.
In June 1900 San Francisco's city hall received the news thatJoseph J. Kinyoun had instituted a travel ban in hopes of preventing the spread of the plague to the rest of the country. Mayor Phelan confirmed the news by stating that Kinyoun had notified him personally about the travel ban. Phelan went on to blame the federal court ruling that restricted the ability of the local government to deal with the plague.[16] In order to improve sanitary living conditions in Chinatown, GovernorHenry Gage proposed to hire inspectors and workers to eradicate the plague. Gage requested for Mayor Phelan and his administration to match the state's $25,000 contribution. However, Phelan informed Governor Gage that the city did not have the resources to match the state's contribution. After meeting with Governor Gage, Phelan and his Board of Supervisors agreed to contribute $6,000.[17] In the summer of 1901, Mayor Phelan publicly announced that he would not run for another term. "During his final address before leaving office, Phelan praised the health board, claiming that because of its vigilance the city 'was saved from Oriental infection.'"[18] Phelan concluded by thanking the federal government and their efforts to help the city endure the crisis.
Although the San Francisco Plague in Chinatown was reported in journalism, the material printed was prone to exaggerations, biased information, and focused on making the Chinese population look substandard. Newspapers were heavily averse to the Phelan administration and believed the health officials were corrupt and wasteful. For this reason, publications refused to print public health initiatives to prevent disease outbreaks and instead would focus on the community's lack of sanitation. Acts of racism were apparent because publications were heavily inclined to use offensive images and headlines to attract attention of readers.[19]
During the1906 San Francisco earthquake Phelan was a member of theCommittee of Fifty, called into existence byMayor Schmitz to manage the crisis. Afterward, when Dr.Edward Thomas Devine, representing theAmerican Red Cross by appointment ofPresident Roosevelt, was responsible for Relief and Red Cross Funds, ex-Mayor Phelan was allowed to assist Devine, thus keeping the money out of the hands of Schmitz andAbe Ruef.
As a Democrat, Phelan ran for the U.S. Senate againstRepublicanJoseph R. Knowland andProgressiveFrancis J. Heney. He was elected to theUnited States Senate in 1914 and served from March 4, 1915, to March 3, 1921. Although he had toned down his anti-Japanese rhetoric duringWorld War I, when the United States had allied with Japan, Phelan once again began to speak out against the "Yellow Peril" in 1919, delivering a speech in favor of Japanese exclusion before a special session of the state legislature.[7]
During his tenure, Phelan voted for the19th Amendment, granting womenthe right to vote,[20] and against theVolstead Act, which establishedProhibition in the United States.[21] In 1920, he received a near-perfect "labor record" from theAmerican Federation of Labor, having voted against their supported legislation only once.[22]
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920, defeated by RepublicanSamuel M. Shortridge, coming in second with 40% of the vote. His re-election campaign relied on racial fears; one of his reelection campaign posters contained the headline "Keep California White."[7] (This poster is displayed at theJapanese American National Museum). During his time in the Senate, he was chairman of theU.S. Senate Committee on Railroads during the64th Congress and of theU.S. Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands during the65th Congress.
After his time in the Senate, Phelan returned to banking and collected art. He remained active in the anti-Japanese movement, collaborating with McClatchy and the Japanese Exclusion League of California to successfully ban Japanese immigrants from entering the country with theImmigration Act of 1924.[7] First National Bank of San Francisco merged withCrocker National Bank in 1925.[23] Phelan died at his country estateVilla Montalvo inSaratoga in 1930. He is buried in the family mausoleum inHoly Cross Cemetery inColma, California.
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| First after direct election of Senators wasadopted in 1913 | Democratic nominee forU.S. Senator fromCalifornia (Class 3) 1914,1920 | Succeeded by John B. Elliott |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Mayor of San Francisco 1897–1902 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California 1915–1921 Served alongside:John D. Works,Hiram Johnson | Succeeded by |
| Class 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
