Lieutenant-General His Grace The Duke of Ormond KG
Portrait byPeter Lely
Chancellor of the University of Oxford
In office 4 August 1669 – 1688
Preceded by	Gilbert Sheldon
Succeeded by	The 2nd Duke of Ormond
Lord High Steward
In office 29 May 1660 – 13 February 1689
Monarchs	Charles II, James II
Preceded by	The 1st Duke of Richmond
Succeeded by	The 1st Duke of Devonshire
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
In office 24 May 1677 – 24 February 1685
Monarch	Charles II
Preceded by	The 1st Earl of Essex
Succeeded by	The 2nd Earl of Clarendon
In office 21 February 1662 – 7 February 1668
Monarch	Charles II
Preceded by	The 1st Duke of Albemarle
Succeeded by	The 6th Earl of Ossory
In office 30 September 1648 – 22 June 1649
Monarch	Charles I
Preceded by	Viscount Lisle
Succeeded by	Oliver Cromwell
In office 13 November 1643 – 9 April 1646
Monarch	Charles I
Preceded by	The 2nd Earl of Leicester
Succeeded by	Viscount Lisle
Personal details
Born	(1610-10-19)19 October 1610 Clerkenwell,London, England
Died	21 July 1688(1688-07-21) (aged 77) Kingston Lacy,Dorset, England
Resting place	Westminster Abbey, London
Spouse	Elizabeth Preston, Baroness Dingwall
Children	Thomas,Richard,Elizabeth,John, & others
Parent(s)	Thomas, Viscount Thurles Elizabeth, Lady Thurles
Education	Trinity College Dublin
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	English Army Irish Confederates
Years of service	1639–1651
Rank	Commander-in-chief,General,Commandant
Battles/wars	Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639—1651)Second Bishops' War,1st Siege of Drogheda,Battle of Kilrush,Battle of New Ross,Battle of Rathmines,2nd Siege of Drogheda.

Lieutenant-GeneralJames FitzThomas Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond,KG,PC (19 October 1610 – 21 July 1688), was anAnglo-Irish statesman and soldier, known asEarl of Ormond from 1634 to 1642 andMarquess of Ormond from 1642 to 1661.^[a] Following the failure of the senior line of theButler family, he was the second representative of theKilcash branch to inherit the earldom.

His friend, theEarl of Strafford, secured his appointment as commander of the government army inIreland. Following the outbreak of theIrish Rebellion of 1641, he led government forces against theIrish Catholic Confederation; when theFirst English Civil War began in August 1642, he supported theRoyalists and in 1643 negotiated a ceasefire with the Confederation which allowed his troops to be transferred to England. Shortly before theExecution of Charles I in January 1649, he agreed theSecond Ormonde Peace, an alliance between the Confederation and Royalist forces which fought against theCromwellian conquest of Ireland.

During the 1650s he lived in exile on the continent withCharles II of England. After theStuart Restoration in 1660, Ormond became a major figure in English and Irish politics, holding many high government offices such as Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

James was born on 19 October 1610 atClerkenwell, London,^[1] the eldest son ofThomas Butler and his wifeElizabeth Pointz. His father, who was known by thecourtesy title of Viscount Thurles, was the eldest son and heir apparent ofWalter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, called "Walter of the rosary beads". His father's family, theButler dynasty, wasOld English and descended fromTheobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland byKing Henry II in 1177.^[2]

James's mother, Lady Thurles, was English and Catholic, a daughter of SirJohn Pointz ofIron Acton,Gloucestershire, and his second wife Elizabeth Sydenham. James's birth house in Clerkenwell belonged to him, his maternal grandfather.

James was one of seven siblings, three brothers and four sisters,who are listed in his father's article. James was not only the eldest son but also the first-born as his eldest sister was born after him in 1612.

Shortly after his birth, his parents returned to Ireland where they were welcome to Black Tom, the 10th Earl of Ormond but not to Walter his heir apparent, who had opposed James's father's marriage into the English Poyntz family, who were Catholic but only gentry.

Black Tom died on 22 November 1614.^[3] James's grandfather Walter succeeded as the 11th Earl and James's father becameheir apparent with thecourtesy title ofViscount Thurles. While the title was secure, the Ormond lands were claimed byRichard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond, who had marriedElizabeth, Black Tom's only surviving child.

In 1619 his father perished on his way from Ireland to England in a shipwreck^[4] near theSkerries off the coast of Anglesey. James inherited his father's courtesy title Viscount Thurles.^[5] The year following that disaster, his mother brought young Thurles, as he now was, back to England, and placed him, then nine years old, at school with a Catholic gentleman atFinchley — this doubtless through the influence of his grandfather, the11th Earl. His mother remarried to George Mathew of Thurles.^[6]

On 26 May 1623,King James I, made Thurles a ward ofRichard Preston, Earl of Desmond, and placed him atLambeth, London, under the care ofGeorge Abbot,archbishop of Canterbury to be brought up as a Protestant.^[7] The Ormond estates being under sequestration, the young Lord had but £40 a year for his own and his servants' clothing and expenses.^[8] He seems to have been neglected by the Archbishop — "he was not instructed even in humanity, nor so much as taught to understandLatin".^[9]

When fifteen Thurles went to live with his paternal grandfather (then released from prison) atDrury Lane. His grandfather, the 11th Earl of Ormond, was now an old man and did not interfere much with his Protestant religious education.^[10] This was very important for Thurles's future life, as it meant that, unlike almost all his relatives in theButler dynasty, he was aProtestant. This strained his relationship with the rest of his family and dependants, as they suffered from land confiscations and legal discrimination on account of their religion, while he did not.

Now having more means at his command, Thurles entered into all the gaieties of the court and town. At eighteen he went toPortsmouth with his friendGeorge Villiers, Duke of Buckingham intending to join the expedition for the relief ofLa Rochelle; a project abandoned upon the Duke's assassination.^[11]

It was during his London residence that he set himself to learn Irish, a partial knowledge of which proved most useful to him in after years.^[12]

About six months after his visit to Portsmouth, Thurles first saw at Court, and fell in love with, his cousinLady Elizabeth Preston, only child and heiress ofRichard Preston,Earl of Desmond and his wifeElizabeth.^[13]Charles I gave his consent byletters patent, on 8 September 1629. At Christmas 1629,^[14] they married putting an end to the long-standing quarrel between the families and united their estates, one of which wasKilkenny Castle^[15]

James and Elizabeth had eight sons, five of whom died in childhood, and two daughters. Five children survived into adulthood:^[17]

1. Thomas (1634–1680), predeceased his father, but had a son who would become the 2nd Duke^[18]
2. Richard (1639–1686), became first and lastEarl of Arran of the 1662 creation and predeceased his father^[19]
3. Elizabeth (1640–1665), marriedPhilip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield^[20][21] and had affairs withJames Hamilton^[22] and theDuke of York^[23]
4. John (1643–1677), became the Earl of Gowran^[24]
5. Mary (1646–1710), marriedWilliam Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire^[25]

Thurles's career began in 1633 with the appointment as head of government in Ireland ofThomas Wentworth, the future Earl of Strafford, by whom Ormond was treated with great favour. Writing toCharles I, Wentworth described Ormond as "young, but take it from me, a very staid head".^[26]

On 24 February 1633, Thurles, on the death of his grandfather, succeeded to the earldom as the 12thEarl of Ormond.^[27] Lord Ormond, as he now was, became Wentworth's chief friend and supporter.^[28] In January 1635 he became a member of the Irish Privy Council.^[29] Wentworth planned large-scale confiscations of Catholic-owned land, both to raise money for the crown and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry, a policy which Ormond supported. Yet, it infuriated his relatives, and drove many of them into opposition to Wentworth and ultimately into armed rebellion. In 1640, with Wentworth having been recalled to attend to theSecond Bishops' War in England, Ormond was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland.^[30] The opposition to Wentworth ultimately aided impeachment of the Earl by the English Parliament, and his eventual execution in May 1641.^[31]

On the outbreak of theIrish Rebellion of 1641, Ormond found himself in command of theIrish Royal Army based in Dublin. Most of the country was taken by the Catholic rebels, who included Ormond's Butler relatives. However, Ormond's bonds of kinship were not entirely severed. His wife and children were escorted fromKilkenny to Dublin under the order of the rebel leaderRichard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, another member of theButler dynasty.

Early in 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, theCatholic Confederation, with its capital atKilkenny, and began to raise their own regular troops, more organised and capable than the feudal militias of the 1641 rebellion. Also in early 1642, the king sent in troop reinforcements from England and Scotland. TheIrish Confederate War was underway. Ormond mounted several expeditions from Dublin in 1642 that cleared the area around Dublin of Confederate forces. He secured control ofthe Pale, and re-supplied some outlying garrisons, without serious contest. The Lords Justices,Sir William Parsons, 1st Baronet of Bellamont andSir John Borlase, who suspected him because he was related to many of the Confederate leaders, recalled him from command, but he succeeded securing much ofCounty Kildare in February 1642. Next, he managed to lift thesiege of Drogheda in March 1642. In April he relieved the royalist garrisons atNaas,Athy andMaryborough, and on his return to Dublin he won theBattle of Kilrush against a larger force.^[32] On 30 August 1642 he was createdMarquess of Ormond.^[33] He received the public thanks of the English Parliament and a monetary reward, and in September 1642 was put in command with a commission direct from the king.^[34]

In March 1643, Ormond ventured with his troops toNew Ross,County Wexford, deep in the territory of the Catholic Confederation, and won a small but indecisive victory there (Battle of New Ross) before returning to Dublin. Nevertheless, Ormond was in a difficult situation. The Confederates held two-thirds of the island. TheEnglish Civil War, which started in September 1642, had removed the prospect of more reinforcements and supplies from England, and indeed the king desired to recall troops. In addition, theScots Covenanters, who had landed an army in the northeast of Ireland atCarrickfergus to counter the Catholic rebellion in that part of the country in early 1642, had subsequently put northeast Ireland on the side of the English Parliamentarians against the king; and the relatively strong Protestant presence in and aroundDerry andCork City was inclined to side with the Parliamentarians as well, and soon did so.^[35]

Isolated in Dublin in what was now a three-sided contest, with the king desiring to reduce theIrish Royal Army, Ormond negotiated a "cessation" or ceasefire for a year with the Confederates. The truce began on 15 September 1643,^[36] By this treaty the greater part of Ireland was given up into the hands of the Catholic Confederation (leaving only districts in the north, the Dublin Pale, round Cork City, and certain smallish garrisons in the possession of Protestant commanders). This truce was vehemently opposed by the Lords Justices and the Protestant community in general in Ireland.

Soon afterwards, in November 1643, by the King's orders, Ormond dispatched a body of his troops into England to fight on theRoyalist side in the Civil War, estimated at 4,000 troops, half of whom were sent from Cork.^{[citation needed]} In November 1643 the king appointed Ormond asLord Lieutenant of Ireland.^[37] He was sworn in on 21 January 1644.^[38] The previous occupant of this post,Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, had never set foot in Ireland. Ormond's assigned mission was to prevent the king's Parliamentarian enemies from being reinforced from Ireland, and to aim to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalists in England. To these ends, he was instructed to do all in his power to keep the Scottish Covenanter army in the north of Ireland occupied. He was also given the king's authority to negotiate a treaty with the Catholic Confederation that could allow their troops to be redirected against the Parliamentarians.^[35] In August 1644, the cessation with the Confederates was extended for another year.^[39]

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Ormond was faced with the difficult task of reconciling the various factions in Ireland. The Old (native) Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("Old English") were represented inConfederate Ireland—essentially an independent Catholic government based inKilkenny—who wanted to come to terms withKing Charles I of England in return forreligious toleration andself-government. On the other side, any concession that Ormond made to the Confederates weakened his support among English and ScottishProtestants in Ireland. Ormond's negotiations with the Confederates were therefore tortuous, even though many of the Confederate leaders were his relatives or friends.^[35]

In 1644, he assistedRandall Macdonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim in mounting an Irish Confederate expedition intoScotland. The force, led byAlasdair MacColla was sent to help the Scottish Royalists and sparked offa civil war in Scotland (1644–45). This turned out to be the only intervention of Irish Catholic troops in Britain during the Civil Wars.

On 25 August 1645,Edward Somerset, Earl of Glamorgan, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates without first airing the terms of the treaty with the Irish Protestant community. Irish Protestant opposition turned out to be so intense, that Charles was forced to repudiate the treaty almost immediately out of fear of ceding almost all Irish Protestant support to the other side in the English civil war.

On 21 October 1645 Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, the papal nuncio landed in Ireland.^[40] On 28 March 1646, Ormond, on behalf of the king, concluded the First Ormond Peace, another treaty with the Confederates that granted religious concessions and removed various grievances.^[41][42] However, the Confederates' General Assembly in Kilkenny rejected the deal, partly due to the influence of the pope's ambassador (nuncio)Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, who worked to dissuade the Catholics from entering into a compromise. The Confederates called off their truce with Ormond, and arrested those among their number who had signed the treaty with Ormond.

Ormond then judged that he could not hold Dublin against the Confederates. He, therefore, applied to theEnglish Long Parliament and signed a treaty with them on 19 June 1647 delivering Dublin into the hands of the Parliamentarians on terms that protected the interests of both royalist Protestants and Roman Catholics who had not actually entered into rebellion. At the beginning of August 1647, Ormond handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commanderMichael Jones, who had recently arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops. Ormond in turn sailed for England on 28 July 1647,^[43] remarking of his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones".^{[citation needed]} On 8 August 1647 the combined royalist and parliamentarian troops won the majorBattle of Dungan's Hill against the Confederates.

Ormond attended King Charles during August and October 1647 atHampton Court Palace, but in March 1648, in order to avoid arrest by the parliament, he joined theQueen and thePrince of Wales atParis.^[44]

In September of the same year, the pope's nuncio having been expelled, and affairs otherwise looking favourable, he returned to Ireland arriving at Cork on 29 September 1648. His aim was to unite all parties for the king.^[45]

The Irish Confederates were now much more amenable to compromise, as 1647 had seen a series of military disasters for them at the hands of English Parliamentarian forces. On 17 January 1649 Ormondconcluded a peace with the rebels on the basis of the free exercise of their religion.^[46]

On the execution of Charles I, he proclaimed his loyalty to Charles II, who made him aKnight of the Garter in September 1649. Ormond was placed in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also English Royalist troops who were landed in Ireland from France.^[47]

However, despite controlling almost all of Ireland before August 1649, Ormond was unable to prevent theconquest of Ireland byCromwell in 1649–50. Ormond tried to retakeDublin bylaying siege to the city in the summer of 1649, but was routed at theBattle of Rathmines in August. Subsequently, he tried to halt Cromwell by holding a line of fortified towns across the country. However, theNew Model Army took them one after the other, beginning with theSiege of Drogheda in September 1649.

Ormond lost most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops under his command when they mutinied and went over to Cromwell in May 1650. This left him with only the Irish Catholic forces, who distrusted him greatly. Ormond was ousted from his command in late 1650.

He left Ireland for France sailing from Galway on 7 December 1650,^[48] but stopped over atGleninagh Castle, on the southern shore of the Bay of Galway, from where he then started his passage to France on 11 December. He sailed on a small frigate, theElizabeth, which theDuke of York had sent him from Jersey.^[49][50] Caught in winter storms, they reachedPerros in Brittany after three weeks.^[51] Ormond was accompanied among others byInchiquin,Bellings andDaniel O'Neill.^[52][53]

Asynod held at the Augustinian abbey inJamestown, County Leitrim, repudiated Ormond and excommunicated his followers. In Cromwell'sAct of Settlement of 1652, all of Ormond's lands in Ireland were confiscated and he was excepted from the pardon given to those Royalists who had surrendered by that date. His name heads the list of over 100 men who were excluded from pardon.^[54]

Ormond, though desperately short of money, was in constant attendance on Charles II and the Queen Mother in Paris, and accompanied the King toAix andCologne when he was expelled from France by the terms ofMazarin's treaty with Cromwell in 1655. In April 1656 Ormond was one of two signatories who agreed theTreaty of Brussels, securing an alliance for the Royalists with the Spanish court.^[55] In 1658, he went disguised, and at great risk, on a secret mission into England to gain trustworthy intelligence as to the chances of an uprising. He attended the king atFuenterrabia in 1659, had an interview with Mazarin, and was actively engaged in the secret transactions immediately preceding theRestoration.^[56][47] Relations between Ormond and the Queen Mother became increasingly strained; when she remarked that "if she had been trusted, the King had now been in England", Ormond retorted that "if she had never been trusted, the King had never been out of England".^[57]

Lord Ormond (Restoration of Lands, etc., in Ireland) Act 1660
Act of Parliament
Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for restoreing unto James Marquesse of Ormond all his Honours Mannours Land and Tenements in Ireland whereof he was in Possession on the twenty-third Day of October one thousand six hundred forty-one, or at any Time since.
Citation	12 Cha. 2. c.15Pr.[c] 12 Cha. 2. c. 7[d]
Territorial extent	England and Wales
Dates
Royal assent	28 July 1660
Commencement	25 April 1660[e]
Repealed	16 June 1977
Other legislation
Repealed by	Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

On the return ofCharles to England as King in1660, Ormond was appointed a commissioner for the treasury and the navy, madeLord Steward of the Household, aPrivy Councillor,Lord Lieutenant of Somerset (an office which he resigned in 1672),High Steward ofWestminster,Kingston andBristol, chancellor ofTrinity College Dublin, Baron Butler ofLlanthony andEarl of Brecknock in thepeerage of England; and on 30 March 1661 he was createdDuke of Ormond in the Irish peerage^[58] and madeLord High Steward of England, for Charles's coronation that year. At the same time, he recovered his enormous estates in Ireland, and large grants in recompense of the fortune he had spent in the royal service were made to him by the king, while in the following year theIrish Parliament presented him with £30,000. His losses, however, according to Carte, exceeded his gains by nearly a million pounds. See alsoAct of Settlement 1662.^[56]

On 4 November 1661, he once more received the lord lieutenancy of Ireland, and busily engaged in the work of settling that country. The main problem was the land question, and the Act of Explanation was passed through the Irish parliament by Ormond, on 23 December 1665.^[59]

His heart was in his government, and he vehemently opposed theImportation Act 1667 prohibiting the importation of Irish cattle, which struck so fatal a blow at Irish trade; and retaliated by prohibiting the import into Ireland of Scottish commodities, and obtained leave to trade with foreign countries.^[60] He encouraged Irish manufacture and learning, and it was due to his efforts that the Irish College of Physicians owes its incorporation.^[56]

He had great influence over the appointment of judges: while he naturally wished to appoint to the Bench men of legal ability, a record of loyalty to the Crown was also generally required. It is interesting that he was prepared to appoint judges of Gaelic descent, likeJames Donnellan, and even some who were known to have Roman Catholic leanings. He was criticised for favouring old friends likeJohn Bysse who were considered too infirm to be effective, but this also shows one of his main virtues, loyalty: as Elrington Ball remarks, those whom Ormond had ever loved, he loved to the end.^[61] Himself a merciful man, he encouraged the Irish judges to show a similar spirit of clemency; as he remarked, a man who has been reprieved can later be hanged, but a man who has been hanged can never be reprieved. In general, the judges followed his example and, by the standards of the age, were merciful enough.^[62]

Ormond's personality had always been a striking one, and he was highly regarded. He was dignified and proud of his loyalty, even when he lost royal favour, declaring, "However ill I may stand at court I am resolved to lye well in the chronicle".^[56] Ormond soon became the mark for attack from all that was worst in the court.Buckingham especially did his utmost to undermine his influence. Ormond's almost irresponsible government of Ireland during troubled times was open to criticism.^[56]

He hadbilleted soldiers on civilians, and had executedmartial law. He was threatened by Buckingham with impeachment. In March 1669, Ormond was removed from the government of Ireland and from the committee for Irish affairs. He made no complaint, insisted that his sons and others over whom he had influence should retain their posts, and continued to fulfil the duties of his other offices, while his character and services were recognised in his election as Chancellor of theUniversity of Oxford on 4 August 1669.^[63]

In 1670, an extraordinary attempt was made to assassinate the duke by a ruffian and adventurer namedThomas Blood, already notorious for an unsuccessful plot to surpriseDublin Castle in 1663, and later for stealing the royalcrown from theTower. Ormond was attacked by Blood and his accomplices while driving up St James's Street on the night of 6 December 1670, dragged out of his coach, and taken on horseback alongPiccadilly with the intention of hanging him atTyburn. Ormond, however, succeeded in overcoming the horseman to whom he was bound, and escaped.^[64]

The outrage, it was suspected, had been instigated by Buckingham, who was openly accused of the crime by Lord Ossory, Ormond's son, in the king's presence, and threatened by him with instant death if any violence should happen to his father. These suspicions were encouraged by the improper action of the king in pardoning Blood, and in admitting him to his presence and treating him with favour after his apprehension while endeavouring to steal the crown jewels.^[64]

In his estates inCarrick-on-Suir inCounty Tipperary, Ormond was responsible for establishing the woollen industry in the town in 1670.

In 1671 Ormond successfully opposedRichard Talbot's attempt to upset theAct of Settlement 1662. In 1673, he again visited Ireland, returned to London in 1675 to give advice to Charles on affairs in parliament, and in 1677 was again restored to favour and reappointed to the lord lieutenancy. On his arrival in Ireland, he occupied himself in placing therevenue and thearmy upon a proper footing. Upon the outbreak of the disturbances caused by thePopish Plot (1678) in England, Ormond at once took steps towards rendering the Roman Catholics, who were in the proportion of 15 to 1, powerless; and the mildness and moderation of his measures served as the ground of an attack upon him in England led byShaftesbury, from which he was defended with great spirit by his own son Lord Ossory.^[64] While wary of defendingOliver Plunkett publicly, in private he denounced the obvious falsity of the charges against him – of the informers who claimed that Plunkett had hired them to kill the King he wrote that "no schoolboy would have trusted them with the design of robbing an orchard".^[65]

In 1682 Charles summoned Ormond to court. The same year he wrote "A Letter, from a Person of Honour in the Country, in answer to the earl of Anglesey, his Observations upon the earl of Castlehaven's Memoires concerning the Rebellion of Ireland", and gave Charles general support. On 29 November 1682, an English dukedom was conferred upon him,^[66][64] and in June 1684 he returned to Ireland, but he was recalled in October in consequence of fresh intrigues. Before he could give up his government toRochester, Charles II died; and Ormond's last act as lord lieutenant was to proclaimJames II in Dublin.^[64]

Ormond also served as the sixthChancellor of the University of Dublin between 1645 and 1688, although he was in exile for the first fifteen years of his tenure, and was admitted to theMiddle Temple on 9 February 1683, alongside his grandson,James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormond, and several other peers.^[67]

Subsequently, Ormond lived in retirement atCornbury inOxfordshire, a house lent to him byLord Clarendon, but emerged in 1687 to offer opposition at the board of theCharterhouse to James's attempt to assume the dispensing power and force upon the institution a Roman Catholic candidate without taking the oaths. Ormond also refused the king his support in the question of theIndulgence; James, to his credit, refused to take away his offices, and continued to hold him in respect and favour to the last.^[64] Despite his long service to Ireland he admitted that he had no wish to spend his last years there.

Ormond died on 21 July 1688 atKingston Lacy estate, Dorset, "not having, as he rejoyced to know, outlived his intellectuals", i.e. not having become senile.^[68] Ormond was buried inWestminster Abbey on 4 August 1688.^[69] His eldest son, Thomas, 6th Earl of Ossory, predeceased him, but Ossory's eldest son James succeeded as2nd Duke of Ormond (1665–1745).

The anonymous author of Ormond's biography in theEncyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) wrote that with him disappeared the greatest and grandest figure of the times, and that Ormond's splendid qualities were expressed with some felicity in verses written on welcoming his return to Ireland and printed in 1682:^[64]

A Man of Plato's grand nobility,

An inbred greatness, innate honesty;

A Man not form'd of accidents, and whom

Misfortune might oppress, not overcome

Who weighs himself not by opinion

But conscience of a noble action.

• Lenihan, Pádraig (2001).Confederate Catholics at War , 1641-49 (illustrated ed.). Cork University Press.ISBN 978-1-85918-244-4. – No preview
• Williams, Mark R.F. (2014).The King's Irishmen: The Irish in the Exiled Court of Charles II, 1649-1660. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer Press.ISBN 978-1-84383-925-5.

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