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James Balfour Paul

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Lord Lyon King of Arms (1846–1931)

James Balfour Paul
Portrait of Sir James Balfour Paul painted in 1901 by SirJames Guthrie (1859–1930), housed in theScottish National Portrait Gallery. Sir James is depicted in the rich ceremonial attire of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
Ceremonial dress
Description
  • Tabard (quarterly): Embroidered with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland
    1. First (top left, from viewer's perspective):England, the arms of England (three gold lions passant guardant on red).
    2. Second (top right):Scotland, a red lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory on gold.
    3. Third (bottom left):Ireland, a gold harp on blue.
    4. Fourth (bottom right): England, Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or (i.e., the Royal Arms of England).
  • Baton: Sir James Balfour Paul holds the baton of office in his right hand, which is gloved in white.[a]
Lord Lyon King of Arms
In office
1890–1927
Preceded byGeorge Burnett
Succeeded byGeorge Swinton
Personal details
Born(1846-11-16)16 November 1846
Died15 September 1931(1931-09-15) (aged 84)
Edinburgh
Resting placeDean Cemetery
NationalityScottish

Sir James Balfour Paul (16 November 1846 – 15 September 1931) was theLord Lyon King of Arms, the officer responsible forheraldry inScotland, from 1890 until the end of 1926.[1]

Life

[edit]

James Balfour Paul was educated atRoyal High School andUniversity of Edinburgh.

He was admitted anadvocate in 1870. Thereafter, he was Registrar ofFriendly Societies (1879–1890), Treasurer of theFaculty of Advocates (1883–1902), and appointed Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1890. He was created aKnight Bachelor in the1900 New Year Honours list,[2] and received the knighthood on 9 February 1900.[3] Among his works wasThe Scots Peerage, a nine-volume series published from 1904 to 1914.[4]

Heraldic cases

[edit]

As Lord Lyon, Sir James presided over two particularly notable heraldic cases inCourt of the Lord Lyon.

In the first case,Petition MacRae, 22 April 1909, Sir Colin MacRae of Inverinate petitioned the Court of the Lord Lyon, seeking recognition of his right to bear the historic coat of arms asChief of the Name ofClan MacRae. This claim was contested by ColonelJohn MacRae-Gilstrap, a senior member of the MacRae family of Conchra, who had previously placed a caveat with the court to be notified of any such applications. Colonel MacRae-Gilstrap argued that all MacRae families were on an equal footing and that the clan traditionally had no chief other than the Earl of Seaforth. In his ruling, Lord Lyon Balfour Paul confined his decision to heraldic matters, determining that Sir Colin had not sufficiently proven his right to the chiefly arms. Consequently, the question of the clan's chiefship remained unresolved, with debates continuing thereafter.[5]

The second case,Stewart-Mackenzie v. Fraser-Mackenzie, initiated in 1917, concerned Mrs. Beatrice Anna Fraser-Mackenzie of Allangrange, who had received a grant of arms following her inheritance of the Allangrange estate. The arms included quarterings of Fraser and Falconer with the undifferenced arms of Mackenzie, along with supporters traditionally associated with the chiefship of Clan Mackenzie.

ColonelJames Stewart-Mackenzie (1847–1923), later Baron Seaforth, contested the grant, claiming that only the clan chief had the right to bear those arms and supporters. Balfour Paul ruled in 1918 that the use of quartered arms sufficiently differentiated Mrs. Fraser-Mackenzie's bearings and that there was no exclusive right to the supporters. The decision was upheld by the Court of Session and ultimately by theHouse of Lords in 1921, establishing an important precedent in Scottish heraldic law regarding the differentiation of arms and the non-exclusive use of supporters.[4]

Honours

[edit]

Shortly before his retirement in 1926, he was appointed a Knight Commander of theRoyal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the1926 New Year Honours list.[6] He was also admitted an Esquire and then a Commander of theOrder of St John of Jerusalem, elected a Fellow of theSociety of Antiquaries of Scotland, and was a member of the Royal Societies and University (Edinburgh) Clubs. He was also Secretary of theOrder of the Thistle.[4] He gave theRhind Lectures in 1898, on heraldry.[7]

Birth, marriage, direct family, and relatives

[edit]

James Balfour Paul was born inEdinburgh, the second son of the ReverendJohn Paul ofSt Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh, and Margaret Balfour (1807–1860) (granddaughter ofJames Balfour; 1705–1795; ofPilrig), at their home, 13George Square, Edinburgh.[8]

James Balfour Paul resided at 30 Heriot Row, Edinburgh. He married, in 1872, Helen Margaret Forman (1851–1929), daughter of John Nairne Forman (1806–1884) ofStaffa(WS) and Jane Mitchell (maiden; 1810–1882). They had four children:

    1. Their oldest,Lieutenant ColonelJohn William Balfour PaulDSO (1873–1957) was a Scottish soldier andofficer of arms in theCourt of the Lord Lyon.
      1. Glencairn Balfour Paul (1917–2008), Sir James's grandson, was a British Arabist and diplomat.
    2. Their second oldest,Arthur Forman Balfour Paul (1875–1938), became an architect and partner ofRobert Rowand Anderson.
    3. Their third oldest, Cuthbert Balfour Paul (1876–1926), became a surgeon.
    4. Their youngest, Millicent Jane Balfour Paul (1880–1972), married Alfred Stevenson Balfour, who became a Captain in Royal Indian Marines, and served as aide-de-camp to Governor of Madras.See1919 New Year Honours (OBE) § Civil Division.
  • James Balfour Paul was a nephew ofRobert Paul (1788–1866), a church elder, banker, and director of theCommercial Bank of Scotland.
  • Rev.William Paul (1754–1802) was his paternal grandfather. Sir William Moncreiff (1706–1767), 7th Baronet, was his great-grandfather.[4]
  • He was a second cousin ofSir Frederick Spencer Arnold-Baker (1885–1963), a British lawyer – they had the same great-grandfather, Rev. James Nairne (1750–1819).
  • He was a first cousin once removed of Lieutenant-General SirCharles Edward Nairnekcb (1836–1899) of the British military who served in British India. Paul's great-Grandfather, Rev. James Nairne, was a grandfather of Nairne.

Sir James is buried with other family inDean Cemetery in Edinburgh, in the north section immediately east of the opening in the wall between the original cemetery and the north extension.

Published works

[edit]
  • The History of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's Body-Guard for Scotland. 1875. Retrieved March 4, 2025.OCLC 8039728,931821817.
→SeeRoyal Company of Archers
    1. Via Internet Archive (Oxford). W. Blackwood. 1882.Free access icon
    2. Via Google Books (Oxford). 1882.Free access icon
  • As editor:Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum(Latin) translation → [The Register of the Great Seal of Scotland]. 1882–1883.OCLC 38665920 (all editions).
    1. "ᴀ.ᴅ. 1424–1513". 1882 – via Internet Archive (UCLA).Free access icon
    2. "ᴀ.ᴅ. 1513–1546". 1883 – via Internet Archive (UCLA).Free access icon
    1. Via Internet Archive (UC Libraries) (1st ed.). W. Green & sons. 1893.Free access icon
    2. Via Internet Archive (Duke University). 1903.Free access icon
Note: "Ordinary" (as in "ordinary of arms") is a systematic catalog of coats of arms, organized by their primary design elements rather than by the name of the armiger (the person or entity bearing the arms) → See wikipedia article, "Ordinary of arms".
    1. Via Internet Archive (Michigan). 1906.Free access icon
    2. James Balfour Paul (1906)."The Matrimonial Adventures of James V.".Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society. New.5 (2). Edinburgh University Press:90–104.JSTOR 24681410
    1. Vol. 1. 1904 – via Google Books (Stanford).Free access icon
    2. Vol. 1. 1904 – via Internet Archive (Robarts).Free access icon
    3. Vol. 1. 1904 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    4. Vol. 2. 1905 – via Google Books (Michigan).Free access icon
    5. Vol. 3. 1906 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    6. Vol. 4. 1907 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    7. Vol. 5. 1908 – via Google Books (Michigan).Free access icon
    8. Vol. 6. 1909 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    9. Vol. 7. 1910 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    10. Vol. 8. 1911 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    11. Vol. 9. 1914 – via Google Books (Michigan).Free access icon
  • As editor:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland (11 Vols. → Paul edited Vols. 2–11). 1900–1916.
      Vol. 1 edited byThomas Dickson.
    1. Vol. 1: AD 1473–1498. 1877 – via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).Free access icon
      James Balfour Paul, editor, henceforth.
    2. Vol. 2: AD 1500–1504. 1900 – via Google Books (Cal Berkeley).Free access icon
    3. Vol. 3: AD 1506–1507. 1901 – via Google Books (Oxford).Free access icon
    4. Vol. 3: AD 1506–1507. 1901 – via Google Books (Stanford).Free access icon
    5. Vol. 4: AD 1507–1513. 1902 – via Google Books (Oxford).[9][10]
    6. Vol. 5: AD 1515–1531. 1903 – via Google Books (Harvard).Free access icon
    7. Vol. 6: AD 1531–1538. 1905 – via Google Books (Minnesota).Free access icon
    8. Vol. 7: AD 1538–1541. 1907 – via Google Books (Stanford).Free access icon
    9. Vol. 8: AD 1541–1546. 1908 – via Google Books (Harvard).Free access icon
    10. Vol. 9: AD 1546–1551. 1911 – via Google Books (Michigan).Free access icon
    11. Vol. 10: AD 1551–1559. 1913 – via Google Books (Michigan).Free access icon
    12. Vol. 11: AD 1559–1566. 1916 – via Google Books (Princeton).
→SeeMons Meg.
→SeeGeorge Ridpath.

Armorial stratigraphy of James Balfour Paul and his achievements

[edit]
Heraldic
Armory
and Elements
①Personal Heraldry



James Balfour Paul Coat of Arms
②Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon of Lord Lyon King of Arms
Arms ofLord Lyon King of Arms
③Governance Heraldry: Escutcheon and Achievements of the Lord Lyon King of Arms
Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)
     SeeHeraldic authority § United Kingdom
(the crown, here, is – as of 2003 – different; seenote, below)
  1. Heraldic elements (not devices, purely structural) and insignia
    1. Royal Crown of Scotland: A Scottish crown befitting of the authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms under the Scottish monarchy.
      1. Ermine base: The foundation of the coronet, featuring a whiteermine lining with black ermine spots, symbolizing nobility and rank.
      2. Circlet (base of the coronet): A golden (Or) circlet, adorned with an ermine-lined cap and featuring alternatingfleur-de-lis andcrosses pattéeOr, separated by small orbsOr.
      3. Red Cap (Gules): A velvet cap enclosed within the coronet, visible between the golden ornamental elements.
      4. Ornamental upper rim: A golden (Or) arched structure with intricate curling embellishments, providing an elegant flourish to the coronet's design.
      5. Central pointer: A distinct gold ornamental projection on the central vertical band, possibly serving as a decorative feature or symbolic element.
    2. Crest: Atop the crown, sits a lion sejantaffrontéguardantOr (seated, facing forward, and looking outward), wearing a crownOr, and holding:
      1. In itsdexter paw (heraldic right, viewer's left), a swordOr (symbolizing justice and royal authority).
      2. In itssinister paw (heraldic left, viewer's right), a scepterOr (a traditional emblem of sovereignty).
      3. The lion itself isguardant (facing forward), a characteristic commonly associated with Scottish regal imagery. It wears an open arched crown adorned withfleur-de-lis and crosses pattée, resting atop the red cap of maintenance.
    3. Insignia of office (honors and symbols of Lyon's authority, distinct from structural elements).
      1. Batons of office: Two ceremonial batons, positioned in saltire (crossed diagonally) behind the escutcheon, with their ends emerging from behind the chief (top) and base (bottom) of the shield. Each baton isAzure,Semé (scattered) with heraldic symbols, allOr, and tippedOr (gold on the ends).
        • Dexter baton (extending from dexter chief to sinister base):Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, afleur-de-lis, and aTudor rose (the heraldic emblem of England, symbolizing the union of the Houses ofYork andLancaster).
        • Sinister baton (extending from sinister chief to dexter base):Semé of, from top to bottom: a thistle, a Saltire, and a thistle.
      2. Collar of theOrder of the Thistle: An ornate golden chain interwoven with thistles and featuring the badge of the Order of the Thistle at the bottom.
      3. Badge of the Order of the Thistle: Featuring St. Andrew holding his saltire, suspended from the collar.
        • Saint Andrew: The patron saint of Scotland, depicted with his traditional diagonal cross.
        • TheSaltire (St. Andrew's Cross): A defining symbol of Scotland, which also appears on the national flag.
        • TheCrown of Scotland: Signifying the Lord Lyon's official authority.
        • Gold Oval Frame: Represents a heraldic badge, commonly associated with high-ranking officials.
Note: In this artistic representation of the Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the inscriptionMiserere mei Deus is absent from the circlet of the crown. In 2003, a new crown, designed by Nicola Williams, was created for theLord Lyon King of Arms. It is based on the historic Crown of Scotland, last seen in the 17th century. The crown features removable arches—similar to those on one of the lateQueen Mother's crowns—which are taken off during coronations to avoid any perceived hint oflèse-majesté.[13]
Achievement Arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms
  • Two additions to the "Achievement of Arms for the Lord Lyon King of Arms (simplified)" (above):
    1. Compartment: A grassy mountVert, serving as the base for the supporters.
    2. Supporters: Two lions rampant guardant ProperGules, armed and languedAzure, each wearing the proper crown of the Lord Lyon King of Arms, their bodiessemée of thistles crownedOr.
④Heraldic Symbols and Insignia of Office
Scottish Guardian Thistle


Crown of a British King of Arms


New (as of 2003)
Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms		Crown of Lord Lyon King of Arms
  • Description: Coronet (orCrown) of the Lord Lyon King of Arms is made of silver-gilt and features a circlet inscribed with the Latin phrase "Miserere mei Deus" (meaning "Have mercy on me, O God") from Psalm 51:1. The rim is adorned with sixteen golden oak leaves, with every second leaf rising higher than the one beside it—nine of which are visible in profile view. The cap is made of crimson velvet, topped with a goldfinial, and is lined withermine fur at the base. The oak-leaf design reflects Scottish heraldic tradition, while the inscription emphasizes divine mercy. Historically, this crown was modeled after the Crown of Scotland, but without jewels.
    The same crown is used for Kings of Arms throughout the United Kingdom:
    • Highest Ranking
      1. Garter: Principal King of Arms of England and the highest-rankingherald (professional officer of arms) in the United Kingdom – Chief Herald of the College of Arms.
      2. Lord Lyon: Sovereign-appointed Chief Herald of Scotland, unique in that he, she, or they hold judicial authority over heraldic matters – Chief Herald of Scotland but completely independent from the College of Arms.
    • Mid Level
      1. Clarenceux: Second in rank after Garter. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction south of theRiver Trent, College of Arms Member.
      2. Norroy and Ulster: Third in rank. Responsible for heraldic jurisdiction north of the River Trent andNorthern Ireland – before 1921, simply Ireland, College of Arms Member.
    • Lower Ranking (Orders of Chivalry): These three heralds only serve their respective orders of chivalry and do not have broader heraldic jurisdiction, and, therefore, are not members of the College of Arms. These Kings of Arms hold ceremonial roles within their respective orders.
Finial: At the very top of the Crown of the King of Arms sits a golden thistlefinial. Since theUnion of the Crowns in 1603, whenJames VI of Scotland becameJames I of England, the thistle has been recognized as an important British (not just Scottish) symbol. This finial consists of a stylized thistle head with radiating leaves, resembling a traditional heraldic thistle. It is mounted on a rounded gold orb, which serves as the transition point between the crown's cap and its highest ornament.[14]
Insignia of Knights and Ladies of
The Most Ancient and Most NobleOrder of the Thistle
  • Collar: Gold and enamel chain with alternating links of thistles and rue.
  • Badge: Suspended from the collar, an enamelled representation of St. Andrew carrying the cross of his martyrdom.
  • Motto (not used in the later Full Achievement of Arms): Star of the Order of the Thistle, bearing the motto on a circlet,Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin), the National motto of Scotland, which translates to "No one harms me unpunished".[15]
  • Note: The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is also known as The Order of Saint Andrew. It is an order of Knighthood and Ladyhood (female equivalent of a Knight) that is restricted to the King or Queen and sixteen others. It was established byJames VII of Scotland in 1687.
Star of the Order of the Thistle
  • Note:Part of the Collar, above, but not an element used in Official Arms of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
Alternate version adopted by Canada.
⑤Personal Arms (dexter) Impaled with Office Arms (sinister)
Achievement (escutcheon only) of James Balfour Paul as Lord Lyon King of Arms
  1. Shield shape:Heater.
    • Dexter half (arms of the office):
    1. Fieldtincture (inbase):Argent (silver or white).
    2. Charge (inbase): AlionsejantaffrontéGules, forepaws extended outward below the shoulders,langued andarmedVert, holding in thedexter paw athistle(national Flower of Scotland)slippedVert, and in thesinister paw a shieldGules (in Fox-Davies 1904 depiction, the lion's forepaws are raised above the shoulders, with a more elaborate tail).
    3. Charge (inchief):St. Andrew's Cross (aka theSaltire)Argent on afieldAzure.
⑥Personal Arms Impaled with Office in Full Achievement
Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (hatched, with full external office and personal elements)
  • Armorial bearings: Parted per pale on the Dexter side the official coat of Lyon King of Arms, namely, argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in the Dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister a shield of the second, on a chief azure, a Saint Andrew's Cross of the field, on the sinister his paternal coat, namely or, a chevron indented sable between two lions rampant in chief, and an escutcheon in base gules. Above the shield is placed the coronet of Lyon King of Arms, thereon a helmet befitting his degree, with a mantling sable, doubled or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set forCrest, a lion sejant guardant gules, his dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms; and in an escroll over the same thisMotto,Pro Rege et Republica [For King and Republic]. Behind the shield are placed in saltire two batons representing that belonging to his office, and round the shield is placed a gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses), and atriple chain also of gold, anddepending from it the proper badge of Lyon King of Arms.
  • Impaled escutcheon: The shield follows the same blazon as described above (see#Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color)[broken anchor]). This version is rendered in hatching, using heraldic engraving conventions to indicate tinctures.
  • External Elements of the Achievement
    1. Above the Escutcheon (descending, from the top)
      1. Motto:Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth").
      2. Crest: A lionsejantguardantGules, its dexter paw resting upon an escutcheon as in the arms.
      3. Torse:
      4. Helm: Angled toward dexter, closedunbarred visor with gorget.
      5. Crown (King of Arms Crown):See Crown of the Lord Lyon, above.
    2. Encircling the Escutcheon
      1. Collar: A gold collar of SS (Collar of Esses), with a triple chain and the badge of the Lord Lyon King of Arms.
      2. Triple chain: A triple-linked chain extends from the base of the shield, suspending the "Badge of Office."
      3. Badge of Office (a.k.a. Lyon Badge): The crowned shield with the Lion Rampant of Scotland, hanging from the triple-linked chain.
    3. Emerging from behind the Escutcheon
      1. Batons: Two ceremonial batons in saltire, eachAzure semé of symbolsOr, signifying the office of Lord Lyon King of Arms.
Note: This depiction follows the heraldichatching system introduced bySilvester Petra Sancta (1590–1647).
Collars of Esses (1882)
Achievement of Arms of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms (in color, with full external office and personal elements)
  • Blazon: Parted per pale, on the dexter side the official coat of the Lyon King of Arms, namely: Argent, a lion sejant full-faced gules, holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped and leaved Vert, and in his sinister a shield of the second; on a chief Azure, a saltire Argent. On the sinister, his paternal arms:Or, aChevron indented Sable between two lions rampant in chief and an Escutcheon in base Gules. Mantling Sable, doubled Or; and upon a wreath of his liveries is set for crest, a lion sejant guardant Gules, his dexter paw resting upon an Escutcheon as in the arms; and in an escroll above, the Motto:Pro Rege et Republica.
  • Impaled escutcheon: Same blazon as described in the previous entries.
    1. Crest: A lionsejantguardantGules, its dexter paw resting upon an Escutcheon as in the arms.
    2. Helm: A barred, open-faced steel helmaffronté.
    3. Crown (King of Arms Crown)
    4. Mantling: Gules lined Argent.
    5. Compartment: Two batons in saltire behind the shield (office of Lord Lyon).
    6. Collar: A gold collar of SS with a triple chain supporting the badge of theLord Lyon King of Arms.
    7. Motto:Pro rege et republica ("For King and Commonwealth").
    8. Additional inscription:Miserere Mei Deus (Psalm 51:1) sometimes appears on the circlet.
    9. Medallions (badges):
      1. Rose medallion: At the bottom center of the Collar of Esses, forming the main linking element—a crowned heraldic rose Or with a three-part curved banner beneath, bearingDieu et Mon Droit.
      2. Queen Victoria Diamond (1897) Jubilee Medallion Suspended from a crimson ribbon running behind the Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock badge (which itself is affixed to the base of the Collar of Esses), there is an oval medallion bearing the left-facing, crowned and veiled profile ofQueen Victoria. Although the surrounding inscription is illegible, it closely resembles that of the 1897 Diamond Jubilee medal, which typically reads "Victoria Regina et Imperatrix". The inclusion of this medallion may reflect personal preference or a commemorative gesture rather than a formal heraldic award, as Jubilee medals—though sometimes granted with a semi-official status—were not universally regarded as decorations in the strict chivalric sense.[17]
      3. Lyon Badge: At the lowest point, the crowned shield with the Lion Rampant of Scotland, representing the Lord Lyon's official authority.
Note: This full-color version (seeFox-Davies,Art of Heraldry, 1904[18]) shows gold, red, black, blue, and silver tinctures in detail.
Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock Badge (Collar of SS; 1882)
  • TheThistle,Rose, andShamrock: Floral emblems of Scotland, England, and Ireland (before 1921). A medallion Or, ensigned with a Royal Crown, having a scroll below inscribedDieu et mon droit.
  • Elements:
    1. Crown (Sovereign, St Edward's): A jewelled circlet with alternating crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, from which rise arches of pearls, meeting beneath an orb and cross finial.
    2. Floral order: Thistle, Rose, and Shamrock represent parts of the realm.
    3. Motto: A gold scroll-like banner bearingDieu et mon droit.

Tinctures and hatchings

[edit]
Heraldic tinctures and hatchings for the achievement of arms of James Balfour Paul
Class:MetalsColors
Tincture:ArgentOrGulesPurpureSableAzureVert
Hatching:
Non-heraldic 
equivalent:		Silver/
White		Gold/
Yellow		RedPurpleBlackBlueGreen

Tenure and succession

[edit]
Heraldic offices
Preceded by
George Burnett (1822–1890)
1866–1890
Lord Lyon King of Arms
1890–1927		Succeeded by
George Sitwell Campbell Swinton (1859–1937)
1927–1929

Gallery

[edit]
  • 30 Heriot Row, Edinburgh, residence of Sir James Balfour Paul.
    30Heriot Row,Edinburgh, residence of Sir James Balfour Paul.
  • The grave of Sir James Balfour Paul, Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh., In memory of Helen Margaret – For fifty-seven years the beloved wife of Sir James Balfour Paul KCVO LL.D. – And last survivor of the family of John Nairne Forman W.S. died 20th Dec 1929 – And also of Sir James Balfour Paul KCVO LL.D. Lord Lyon King of Arms 1890–1926 born Nov. 16 1846 died Sept. 15 1931.
    The grave of Sir James Balfour Paul,Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh.
    In memory of Helen Margaret – For fifty-seven years the beloved wife of Sir James Balfour PaulKCVOLL.D. – And last survivor of the family of John Nairne FormanW.S. died 20th Dec 1929 – And also of Sir James Balfour PaulKCVOLL.D.Lord Lyon King of Arms 1890–1926 born Nov. 16 1846 died Sept. 15 1931.

Bibliography

[edit]

Annotations

[edit]
  1. ^The origin of the coat of arms lies in thetabard orsurcoat worn by medieval knights over their armour for identification. The ceremonial tabard of office worn by Sir James Balfour Paul in this 1901 full-length portrait represents the pre-1928 design used by officers of the Lyon Court, reflecting the unified heraldic styling of the United Kingdom in use at the time. Until the early 20th century, tabards worn by Scottish officers of arms—including the Lord Lyon King of Arms—bore the English form of the Royal Arms, with the lion of Scotland in the second quarter. This format corresponded with the tabards used by English officers of arms.

    Following the First World War, efforts to adopt a form more representative of Scotland's heraldic tradition led to the introduction of new tabards featuring the Scottish version of the Royal Arms, in which the lion rampant occupies the first quarter. The change was initiated through the advocacy of Sir David McCowan, a Glasgow citizen and heraldic enthusiast. The revised tabards were first worn publicly at the opening of theGeneral Assembly of the Church of Scotland in May 1928, and have since become the standard ceremonial dress for officers of the Lyon Court.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Kelly's Directories, 1903, p. 1156.
  2. ^"New Year's Honours".The Times. 1 January 1900. p. 9.
  3. ^"No. 27167".The London Gazette. 20 February 1900. p. 1169.
  4. ^abcdTimes, September 16, 1931.
  5. ^Stevenson, Vol. 2, 1914, pp. 465–470.
  6. ^"New Year's Honours".The Times. 1 January 1926. p. 12.
  7. ^Paul,Heraldry, 1900, (title page).
  8. ^"General Post Office Directory", 1832–1833, p. 149.
  9. ^Athenæum, September 7, 1901, pp. 314–315.
  10. ^Athenæum, April 18, 1903, pp. 492–493.
  11. ^Paul,Ordinary of Arms, 1893, p. 36.
  12. ^Paul,Ordinary of Arms, 1903, p. 59.
  13. ^Scotsman (The), July 13, 2003.
  14. ^Johnston, 1912, p. 125.
  15. ^Nicolas, Vol. 3, 1842, 1 p. before p. 65.
  16. ^Archaeological Journal, Hartshorne, December 1882, pp. 376–183.
  17. ^Fox-Davies,Art of Heraldry, 1904, p. 385.
  18. ^Fox-Davies,Art of Heraldry, 1904, Plate 4.

References

[edit]
    1. Hartshorne, Albert (1839–1910) (December 1882)."Notes On Collars of SS". Vol. 39, no. 156. pp. 376–183.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)doi:10.1080/00665983.1882.10852044;OCLC 83330776,6899319556.
      1. Via Internet Archive (Getty). 1844.Free access icon
      2. Via Internet Archive (Boston). 1882.Free access icon
    1. "Scottish History: Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.Edited by Sir James Balfour Paul, F.S.A., Lord Lyon King of Arms. – Vol. III. ᴀ.ᴅ. 1506–1507. (Edinburgh, H.M. General Register House.)" (review). Issue No. 3854. 7 September 1901. pp. 314–315 – via Internet Archive (Robarts).Free access icon
    2. "Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland.– Vol. IV. 1507–1513. Edited by Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King-at-Arms. (Edinburgh, H.M. General Register House.)" (review). Issue No. 3938. 18 April 1903. pp. 492–493 – via Google Books (Stanford).Free access icon
SeeGeneral Register House
    1. 3rd ed. Via HathiTrust (Cal Berkeley). T.C. & E.C. Jack. 1899. p. 46.Free access icon
    2. 3rd ed. Via Internet Archive (Cal Berkeley). 1899. p. 46.Free access icon
    SeeThe Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory
    1. "The Armorial of Sir James Balfour Paul, Lyon King of Arms". Plate 4 (between pages 16 & 17). Retrieved March 29, 2025.Free access icon
      1. Via HathiTrust (Getty). T.C. & E.C. Jack. 1904.Free access icon
      2. Via Internet Archive (Boston). 1904.Free access icon
      3. Via Internet Archive (Getty). 1904.Free access icon
      4. Via Google Books (Princeton).Free access icon
    1. Via Internet Archive (National Library of Scotland). 1832–1833. p. 149.Free access icon
    1. Via Wikimedia Commons (Polona). 1912.Free access icon
    2. Via Internet Archive (UCLA). 1912.Free access icon
    1. Via Internet Archive (Robarts Library) (29th ed.). 1903. p. 1156.Free access icon
  • Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris (1799–1848) (1842).History of the Orders of Knighthood of the British Empire; Of the Order of the Guelphs of Hanover; And of the Medals, Clasps, and Crosses, Conferred for Naval and Military Services. London: Published for John Hunter.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    1. Vol. 3. 1842. p. 65 (1 p. before p. 65 – via Internet Archive (Allen County Public Library).Free access icon
    1. Via Royal Collection Trust.Free access icon
      2. SeeRoyal Collection
    2. Via Internet Archive (Cal Berkeley). 1900.Free access icon
  • Paul, Sir James Balfour (1893–1903).An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: William Green and Sons.
    1. "Chevron: J. Balfour Paul" (1st ed.). 1893 – via Internet Archive (Boston Public Library).Free access icon
    2. "Chevron: James Balfour Paul" (2nd ed.). 1903 – via Internet Archive (Duke University).Free access icon
Note: "Ordinary" (as in "ordinary of arms") is a systematic catalog of coats of arms, organized by their primary design elements rather than by the name of the armiger (the person or entity bearing the arms) → See wikipedia article, "Ordinary of arms".
    1. Via Internet Archive (National Library of Scotland). 1912.Free access icon
    1. Vol. 1 (PIMS). Glasgow, J. Maclehose. 1914.Free access icon
    2. Vol. 2 (PIMS). Glasgow, J. Maclehose. 1914.Free access icon
      1. Appendix IV. "Patents of Lyon Kings-of-Arms" → (3) "Patent in favour of James Balfour Paul, Esquire (now Sir James Balfour Paul, C.V.O., LL.D.), dated 12th March 1890.". Glasgow, J. Maclehose. 1914. pp. 451–454.

General references

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  • Douglas, Robert, Sir (1904–1914), Paul, James Balfour, Sir (ed.),The Scots Peerage (nine volumes ed.), Wood's, retrieved4 January 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) –Volume IX contains the index for the other eight volumes.

External links

[edit]
    1. Alternate archive link. Archived fromthe original on 8 January 2020 – viaWayback Machine.
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