James Agee | |
|---|---|
 Agee in 1937 | |
| Born | James Rufus Agee November 27, 1909 Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | May 16, 1955(1955-05-16) (aged 45) New York City, U.S. |
| Education | Harvard University (BA) |
| Notable works | A Death in the Family,Let Us Now Praise Famous Men |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4, includingJoel |
| Images | |
 portrait[1] | |
| portrait[2] | |
| portrait[3] |
James Rufus Agee (/ˈeɪdʒiː/AY-jee; November 27, 1909 – May 16, 1955) was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, writing forTime, he was one of the most influential film critics in the United States. Hisautobiographical novel,A Death in the Family (1957), won the author aposthumous1958 Pulitzer Prize. Agee is also known as a co-writer of the bookLet Us Now Praise Famous Men and as the screenwriter of the film classicsThe African Queen andThe Night of the Hunter.
Agee was born inKnoxville, Tennessee, to Hugh James Agee (1878–1916)[4] and Laura Whitman (née Tyler) Agee Wright (1885–1966),[5] at Highland Avenue and 15th Street, which was renamed James Agee Street, in what is now theFort Sanders neighborhood.[6] When Agee was six, his father was killed in an automobile accident. From the age of seven, Agee and his younger sister, Emma, were educated in severalboarding schools. The most prominent of these was near his mother's summer cottage two miles fromSewanee, Tennessee.Saint Andrews School for Mountain Boys was run by the monasticOrder of the Holy Cross affiliated with theEpiscopal Church.[7] It was there that Agee's lifelong friendship with Episcopal priest FatherJames Harold Flye, a history teacher at St. Andrew's, and his wife, Grace Eleanor Houghton, began in 1919.[8] As Agee's close friend and mentor, Flye corresponded with him on literary and other topics through life and became a confidant of Agee's soul-wrestling. He published the letters after Agee's death.The New York Times Book Review calledThe Letters of James Agee to Father Flye (1962) "comparable in importance toF. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Crackup' and Thomas Wolfe's letters as a self-portrait of the artist in the modern American scene."[9]
Agee's mother married St. Andrew's bursar Father Erskine Wright in 1924, and the two moved toRockland, Maine.[10] Agee went toKnoxville High School for the 1924–25 school year, then traveled with Flye to Europe in the summer, when Agee was 16. On their return, Agee transferred to a boarding school inNew Hampshire, entering the class of 1928 atPhillips Exeter Academy. Soon after, he began a correspondence withDwight Macdonald.
At Phillips Exeter, Agee was president of The Lantern Club and editor of theMonthly, where his first short stories, plays, poetry and articles were published. Despite barely passing many of his high school courses, Agee was admitted toHarvard College's class of 1932, where he lived inThayer Hall andEliot House. At Harvard, Agee took classes taught byRobert Hillyer andI. A. Richards; his classmate in those was the future poet and criticRobert Fitzgerald, with whom he later worked atTime.[10] Agee was editor-in-chief of theHarvard Advocate and delivered the classode at hiscommencement.
After graduation, Agee was hired byTime Inc. as a reporter, and moved to New York City, where he wrote forFortune magazine from 1932 to 1937, although he is better known for his later film criticism inTime andThe Nation. In 1934, he published his only volume of poetry,Permit Me Voyage, with a foreword byArchibald MacLeish.
In the summer of 1936, Agee spent eight weeks on assignment forFortune with photographerWalker Evans, living amongsharecroppers inAlabama.Fortune did not publish his article, but Agee turned the material into his 1941 bookLet Us Now Praise Famous Men.[11] It sold only 600 copies before beingremaindered. Another manuscript from the same assignment discovered in 2003, titledCotton Tenants, is believed to be the essay submitted toFortune editors. The 30,000-word text, accompanied by photographs by Walker Evans, was published as a book in June 2013. John Jeremiah Sullivan wrote, "This is not merely an early, partial draft of Famous Men, in other words, not just a different book; it's a different Agee, an unknown Agee. Its excellence should enhance his reputation."[12] A significant difference between the works is the use of original names inCotton Tenants; Agee assigned fictional names to the subjects ofFamous Men to protect their identity.[13]
Agee leftFortune in 1937 while working on a book, then, in 1939, he took a book reviewing job atTime, sometimes reviewing up to six books per week; together, he and his friendWhittaker Chambers ran "the back of the book" forTime.[14] In 1941, he becameTime's film critic.[15] From 1942 to 1948, he worked as a film critic forThe Nation.[16] Agee was an ardent champion ofCharlie Chaplin's then unpopular filmMonsieur Verdoux (1947), since recognized as a classic. He was a great admirer ofLaurence Olivier'sHenry V andHamlet, especiallyHenry V.[17] He also was an ardent champion ofD. W. Griffith'sThe Birth of a Nation, which he lavishly praised for its stylistic innovations and virtuosity without critically commenting on its celebration of theKu Klux Klan. Agee was often disappointed in films because he saw their great potential. In 1947 he wrote: " ... few American films ever manage really to specify a character or a situation so that either can achieve personal life or general applicability; people merely dance their way, more or less ingratiatingly, through a sequence of windy generalizations. They are not by any fat chance intended to be confused with any persons living or dead or who might ever possibly have lived."[18]Agee on Film (1958) collected his writings of this period. Three writers listed it as one of the best film-related books ever written in a 2010 poll by theBritish Film Institute.[19]
In 1948, Agee quit his job to become a freelance writer. One of his assignments was a well-received article forLife Magazine about thesilent movie comediansCharles Chaplin,Buster Keaton,Harold Lloyd andHarry Langdon. The article,Comedy's Greatest Era, has been credited for reviving Keaton's career. As a freelancer in the 1950s, Agee continued to write magazine articles while working on movie scripts; he developed a friendship with photographerHelen Levitt.[20]
In 1947 and 1948, Agee wrote an untitled screenplay for Charlie Chaplin, in which the Tramp survives anuclear holocaust; posthumously titledThe Tramp's New World, the text was published in 2005.[21] The commentary Agee wrote for the 1948 documentaryThe Quiet One was his first contribution to a film that was completed and released.[22]
Agee's career as a movie scriptwriter was curtailed by hisalcoholism. Nevertheless, he is one of the credited screenwriters on two of the most respected films of the 1950s:The African Queen (1951) andThe Night of the Hunter (1955).
His contribution toHunter is shrouded in controversy. Some critics have claimed that the published script was written by the film's director,Charles Laughton. Reports that Agee's screenplay forHunter was not used have been proved false by the 2004 discovery of his first draft, which although 293 pages in length, contains many scenes included in the film that Laughton directed. Laughton seemed to have edited great parts of the script because it was too long.[23] While not yet published, the first draft has been read by scholars, most notably Jeffrey Couchman ofColumbia University. He credited Agee in the essay, "Credit Where Credit Is Due". Also false were reports that Agee was fired from the film. Laughton renewed Agee's contract and directed him to cut the script in half, which Agee did. Later, apparently atRobert Mitchum's request, Agee visited the set to settle a dispute between the star and Laughton. Letters and documents in the archive of Agee's agentPaul Kohner bear this out; they were documented by Laughton's biographerSimon Callow, whoseBFI book aboutThe Night of the Hunter sets this part of the record straight.[citation needed] Couchman, the author of a 2009 book aboutThe Night of the Hunter, writes that Agee's screenplay would have been a film about six hours long, so Laughton had to cut and edit a considerable part of it.[24]
Soon after graduation fromHarvard University, he married Olivia Saunders (aka "Via") on January 28, 1933; they divorced in 1938. Later that same year, he married Alma Mailman. They divorced in 1941, and Alma moved to Mexico with their year-old sonJoel to live with Communist politician and writerBodo Uhse. Agee began living inGreenwich Village with Mia Fritsch, whom he married in 1946. They had two daughters, Julia (1946–2016, known throughout life as Deedee) and Andrea, and a son, John.
In 1951 inSanta Barbara, Agee, a hard drinker and chain-smoker, suffered a heart attack; on May 16, 1955, he was in Manhattan when he suffered a fatal heart attack in a taxi cab en route to a doctor's appointment.[25] He was buried on a farm he owned atHillsdale, New York, property still held by Agee descendants.[26]
During his lifetime, Agee enjoyed only modest public recognition. Since his death, his literary reputation has grown. In 1957, his novelA Death in the Family (based on the events surrounding his father's death) was published posthumously and in 1958 won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. In 2007, Michael Lofaro published a restored edition of the novel using Agee's original manuscripts. Agee's work had been heavily edited before its original publication by publisher David McDowell.[27]
Agee's reviews and screenplays have been collected in two volumes ofAgee on Film. There is some dispute over the extent of his participation in the writing ofThe Night of the Hunter.[28]
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men has grown to be considered Agee's masterpiece.[29] Ignored on its original publication in 1941, the book has been placed among the greatest literary works of the 20th century by the New York University School of Journalism and theNew York Public Library.[30][31] It was the inspiration for theAaron Copland operaThe Tender Land.David Simon, journalist and creator of acclaimed television seriesThe Wire, credited the book with impacting him early in his career and influencing his practice of journalism.[32]
The composerSamuel Barber set sections of "Descriptions of Elysium" fromPermit Me Voyage to music, composing a song based on "Sure On This Shining Night". In addition, he set prose from the "Knoxville" section ofA Death in the Family in his work forsoprano and orchestra titledKnoxville: Summer of 1915. "Sure On This Shining Night" has also been set to music by composersRené Clausen,Z. Randall Stroope, andMorten Lauridsen.
In late 1979, the filmmaker Ross Spears premiered his filmAGEE: A Sovereign Prince of the English Language, which was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and was awarded a Blue Ribbon at the 1980 American Film Festival.AGEE featured four of James Agee's friends—Dwight Macdonald, Robert Fitzgerald,Robert Saudek, andJohn Huston—as well as the three women to whom James Agee had been married. In addition, Father James Harold Flye was a featured interviewee. PresidentJimmy Carter speaks about his favorite book,Let Us Now Praise Famous Men.
The Man Who Lives Here Is Loony, a one-act play by Knoxville-based songwriter and playwright RB Morris, takes place in a New York apartment during one night in Agee's life. The play has been performed at venues around Knoxville, and at theCornelia Street Cafe inGreenwich Village.[33]
A thesis presented for the B. A. degree with Honors
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