Jammu (/ˈdʒʌmuː/) is a city inIndian-administeredJammu and Kashmir in the disputedKashmir region.[2] It is thewinter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administeredunion territory. It is the headquarters and the largest city inJammu district. Lying on the banks of the riverTawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of 240 km2 (93 sq mi),[4] is surrounded by theHimalayas in the north and thenorthern plains in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.
Etymology
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.[12] Local tradition holds the city to be 3000 years old but this is not supported by historians.[13]
Geography
The Valley of Jammu
Jammu is located at32°44′N74°52′E / 32.73°N 74.87°E /32.73; 74.87.[14] It has an average elevation of 300 m (980 ft). Jammu city is situated on a series of uneven ridges of low heights in theShivalik hills. It is surrounded by the Shivalik range to the north, east, and southeast while the Trikuta Range borders it in the northwest. It is approximately 600 kilometres (370 mi) from the national capital,New Delhi.
The city straddles the Tawi river. The old city overlooks the river from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods are spread around the southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges over the river.
History
According toTarikh-i-Azmi, Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state ofDurgara (modern forms "Duggar" and "Dogra)") is also attested from around this time.[15][16] The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modernBillawar). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana'sRajatarangini.[17] Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned inRajatarangini, some of whose rulers also appear by in theVamshavali (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with theSultans of Delhi.
Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles ofTimur (r. 1370–1406), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned toSamarkand via Jammu. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter ofMubarah Shah (r. 1421–1434) againstJasrat.[18] Between 1423 and 1442, Jammu came under control of Jasrat (r. 1405–1442) whoconquered it after killing his arch-enemy Bhim Dev in 1423. Later, Jasrat appointed Manik Dev (also known as Ajeo Dev) as vassal, and married his daughter.[19] In the Mughal chronicles ofBabur in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled byManhas Rajputs. EmperorAkbar brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such asKishtwar andRajauri were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.[20]
Modern history
MaharajaGulab Singh of Jammu and KashmirMaharaja of Kashmir,Hari Singh (1895 - 1961)
After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of theJamuwal (Jamwal) family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.[21][22] Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.[23]
Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (misls) gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by theBhangi,Kanhaiya andSukerchakiamisls. Around 1770, the Bhangimisl attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country. In the Battle of Rumal, the Jammu ruler was killed by Sikhs.[24][25]
In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of RajaGulab Singh, was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, akaDogra dynasty, which came to rule the princely state ofJammu and Kashmir under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A 43 km longrailway line connecting Jammu withSialkot was laid in 1897[27]
Jammu has historically been the capital ofJammu Province and the winter capital of the princely state ofJammu and Kashmir (1846–1952).
After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state ofJammu and Kashmir.
Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa), with extreme summer highs reaching 46 °C (115 °F), and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below 4 °C (39 °F). June is the hottest month with average highs of 40.6 °C (105.1 °F), while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching 7 °C (45 °F). Average yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in) with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense smog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to 2 °C (36 °F). In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the temperature to 46 °C (115 °F). Following the hot season, themonsoon lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to 669 mm (26.3 in) in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves.[clarification needed]
Highest recorded temperature: 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) on 31 May 1988.[30]
Lowest recorded temperature: 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 24 January 2016.[30]
Climate data for Jammu (1991–2020, extremes 1925–2020)
Jammu city has a railway station calledJammu Tawi (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The oldrailway link to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when theIndian Railways laid thePathankot-Jammu TawiBroad Gauge line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains.With the commencement of theJammu–Baramulla line, all trains to theKashmir Valley will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended toKatra.Jalandhar -Pathankot-Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.
In January 2025, the Jammu Division ofIndian Railways was inaugurated. The new division will create employment opportunities, infrastructure development, promote tourism and lead to overall socio-economic development of the region.[32]
National Highway 44 which passes through Jammu connects it to theKashmir valley. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kathua town, while it is 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town ofKatra is 49 kilometres (30 mi) from Jammu.
The city hasJKSRTC city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service is also available. Local taxis are also available.
Jammu city serves as the winter capital ofJammu and Kashmir state from November to April when all the offices move fromSrinagar to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October.[33] Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India. With effect from 5 September 2003, it has upgraded status of a municipal corporation.[34]
Economy
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous localbasmati rice is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate atBari Brahamna has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods.
Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going toVaishno Devi and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces likeMubarak Mandi Palace, Purani Mandi, Rani Park,Amar Mahal,Bahu Fort,Raghunath Temple, Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city.
As of 2011 census,[37] the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an averageliteracy rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.[38] Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speakDogri.[39]
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to thePartition of India, 30.4 per cent by the 1941 census.[40] During the1947 Jammu massacres, which preceded and continued during thePakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir, many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan. The estimates of the number killed in the whole province vary between 20,000 and 100,000. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, allegedly orchestrated by theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and aided and abetted by the state forces and theMaharajaHari Singh.[41][42][43]
As a result of the violence and migration, by 1961, about 17.2 per cent of the population in the city of Jammu was Muslim.[44][45] The displaced Muslims took refuge in theSialkot District and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politicianChaudhry Amir Hussain, economistMahbub ul Haq, Air MarshalAsghar Khan, journalistKhalid Hasan and singerMalika Pukhraj were from Jammu.[46] A large number of these refugees also returned and resettled in the territory.[47][48]
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily includeKashmiri Hindus who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus fromPakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.[50]
Rohingyas who fledMyanmar during 2016 have also currently settled in Jammu.[51][52] Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.[53][54][55] During the2018 Sunjuwan attack, intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.[56][57][58]
^"Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic".Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 30 January 2019. Retrieved28 February 2019.Jammu, theCity of Temples, recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius
^abThe application of the term "administered" to the various regions ofKashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by thetertiary sources (a) through (d), reflectingdue weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). (a)Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b)Pletcher, Kenneth,Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c)"Kashmir",Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,ISBN978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d)Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–,ISBN978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e)Talbot, Ian (2016),A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29,ISBN978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f)Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g)Bose, Sumantra (2009),Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293,ISBN978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h)Fisher, Michael H. (2018),An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166,ISBN978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i)Snedden, Christopher (2015),Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10,ISBN978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
^Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 2015, p. 481: "Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems."
^Sharma, Arteev (6 February 2019)."'Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies". Archived fromthe original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved21 March 2019.After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet.
^Yhome, K."Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis". Retrieved21 March 2019.In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu citysparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.
![Jammu lies in the Jammu division (neon blue) of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir (shaded tan) in the disputed Kashmir region.[2]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aKashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_Jammu_division_administered_by_India_in_neon_blue.jpg)
.jpg)
_in_1920s.jpg)
