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Jainism in North Karnataka flourished under theChalukyas,Kadamba,Rashtrakutas, andVijayanagara Empire. Imbued with religious feeling, patronage was extended towards the building of Jain temple and it garnered high repute among the people, particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community; effectively getting treated as the state religion.[1]
The Kannada poetAdikavi Pampa’s wroteVikramarjuna Vijaya, also known asPampa Bharata, and also theAdipurana, which narrates the story ofRishabhanatha, the firsttirthankara. TheNeminatha Purana, which offers information of the 22nd tirthankaraNeminatha, provides a Jain interpretation for the story ofKrishna and thePandavas.[2]
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Jain architecture can be classified into two categories namelybasadi andbetta.Basadi is a Jain monastery or temple where an image of one of the twenty-four tirthankaras (saints) is installed and worshipped. They were built in theDravidian style and the oldest basadi can be traced back to at least the first century AD.Betta is a hill with an open courtyard containing the image of Gommata or Gommateswara.
The earliest dated structure is a basadi atHalasi built under theKadamba Dynasty ofBanavasi laying the foundation for Jain architecture inNorth Karnataka.[3]
Rastrakutas period is the golden age of Jainism in Karnataka. The Jaina monuments of the Rashtrakutas period are found atPattadakal,Malkhed,Lakshmeshwar,Koppal, Bankur, of North Karnataka. Jainism exerted considerable influence over the cultural life of Karnataka during the rule of the Rashtrakutas.[4] Several basadi were erected for the further propagation of the religion in the State. Important among them is the Parsvanatha Basadi atRon with its exquisitely carved grills depictinggandharvas in scrollwork.[5]
Kadambas ofBanavasi were known to be patrons of Jainism. After the rule of the Kadambas of Banavasi most parts of north Karnataka came under the rule of the early Chalukya orBadami Chalukyas.[6]
Aihole has Jaina cave temple, it has an openmandapa and a Sabhamandapa.Garbhagriha has the sculpture of Mahavira inpadmasana. On the sides are a yaksha and yakshi standing.Shanka Basadi atLakshmeshwar was built in 7th century duringRashtrakuta period. This Jinalaya is dedicated to Neminatha and Jinalya got his name from ashankha, the symbol of Neminatha. TheAdi Purana was written byAdikavi Pampa in this Basadi. Other Jain temple includes Jinalaya atHallur, The Jinalaya atAdur built by Dharmagamunda.[7]
Jain Narayana temple located on thePattadakal, was built in the Dravidian style by theRashtrakutas ofManyakheta in 9th century. It consists of amukhamandapa (main hall), anavaranga,shukanasa, andgarbhagriha. The principle deity of the temple isParshvanatha, the 23rdTirthankara ofJainism.[8]
Badami cave temples were built in 7th century byChalukya dynasty. It features detailed carvings of the tirthankarasMahavira,Parshvanatha,Adinatha, andBahubali, andIndrabhuti Gautama. Idols ofYakshas,Yakshis,Padmavati are also present here.[9][10]
Brahma Jinalaya,Lakkundi was built duringWestern Chalukya rule in mid-11th century. The temple has single shrine connected to a closed hall via a vestibule that is connected to a mandapa. The temple has idol ofMahavira, Brahma, Saraswati, andGajalakshmi.[11]
Padmabbarasi basadi is the biggest Rashtrakuta temple in Karnataka. This temple was built during the period ofKrishna III, by Padmabbarasi, the queen of Ganga Permadi Bhutayya in 950 AD.[12]
Navagraha Jain Temple at Varur nearHubli is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of other eight tirthankaras. The statue stands on a 48-foot high pedestal making the total height 109 feet. The statue is the tallest statue of the Parshvanatha.[13]
Dakshina Bharati Jain Sabha is a social service organization of the Jains of South India. The organization has its headquarter atKolhapur.[14] The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India.[15][16] The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa.
_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg)
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