Jaime Sin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cardinal,Archbishop of Manila | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Cardinal Sin in 1988 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Province | Manila | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| See | Archdiocese of Manila | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appointed | January 21, 1974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Installed | March 19, 1974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retired | September 15, 2003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Rufino Santos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Gaudencio Rosales | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other post | Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria ai Monti (1976–2005) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previous posts |
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| Orders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ordination | April 3, 1954 by Antonio Frondosa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consecration | March 18, 1967 by Antonio Frondosa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Created cardinal | May 24, 1976 byPope Paul VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Jaime Lachica Sin (1928-08-31)August 31, 1928 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | June 21, 2005(2005-06-21) (aged 76) San Juan, Philippines | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Buried | Crypt,Manila Cathedral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nationality | Filipino | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Denomination | Catholic Church | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parents | Juan Sin (father) Máxima Lachica (mother) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motto | Serviam "I will serve" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ordination history | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Styles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Reference style | His Eminence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spoken style | Your Eminence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Religious style | Cardinal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Informal style | Cardinal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| See | Manila | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jaime Lachica Cardinal Sin,OFS,PLH,OS,OL (Chinese:辛海梅, 辛海棉;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Sin Hái-mûi, Sin Hái-mî; August 31, 1928 – June 21, 2005), commonly and also formally known asCardinal Sin, was the 30th CatholicArchbishop of Manila and the thirdcardinal fromthe Philippines. He was instrumental in the historic and peaceful 1986People Power Revolution, which toppled the dictatorship and endedmartial law under Ferdinand Marcos and installedCorazon Aquino as his successor in theFifth Republic of the Philippines.[1] He was also a key figure in the2001 EDSA Revolution that replaced PresidentJoseph Estrada withGloria Macapagal Arroyo.
Sin was born on August 31, 1928, inNew Washington,Aklan (then a part ofCapiz), on the island of Panay in theWestern Visayas region of thePhilippines, to Juan Sin, a merchant ofChinese descent, and Máxima Lachica, an ethnicAklanon. "Jim", as he was known, was his mother's favorite. As the 14th of 16 children, he was a painfully thin, asthmatic child, who often used to cuddle up between his parents to sleep at night. When he asked his nurse why his mother lavished such attention on him, he was told it was because he was "the weakest and ugliest of the brood".[2]
Sin left his childhood home and his family to study inSt. Vincent Ferrer Seminary,[3] inIloilo City and was ordained a priest of theArchdiocese of Jaro on April 3, 1954.[4][5] He was the first rector ofSt. Pius X Seminary in Lawaan Hills,Roxas City,Capiz, serving from 1957 to 1967. On February 29, 1960, Sin was named Domestic Prelate (now calledhonorary prelate, with the title ofMonsignor).
Sin was appointedauxiliary bishop of Jaro on February 10, 1967,[5] and was consecrated bishop of thetitular see of Obba on March 18 of that year.
On March 15, 1972, Sin was appointedCoadjutor Archbishop of Jaro, taking on administrative roles in the archdiocese, while holding thetitular see ofMassa Lubrense.[5] On October 8, 1972, Sin was appointed Archbishop of Jaro.
Sin was appointed Archbishop of Manila on January 21, 1974. Initially, he was reluctant to take on the role of leading the Church in the Philippines.[6] He was enthroned as Archbishop atManila Cathedral on March 19, 1974, making him only the third native Filipino in the office after centuries of Spanish, American, and Irish archbishops.
On May 24, 1976,Pope Paul VI made him a member of theCollege of Cardinals, creating himCardinal Priest of thetitular church ofSanta Maria ai Monti. As is traditional for cardinals, the title "Cardinal" is inserted before his surname when addressed formally. He participated as a cardinal-elector in both theAugust 1978 andOctober 1978papal conclaves which elected PopesJohn Paul I andJohn Paul II respectively. In the August conclave, he reportedly toldAlbino Luciani, "You will be the new pope."[7] After Luciani was elected John Paul I, Cardinal Sin paid him homage, and the new pope said: "You were a prophet, but my reign will be a short one."[7] He remained the youngest member of the College until 1983.
His title and surname as "cardinal sin" (another term for adeadly sin) were a point of humor in the Philippines and forFilipino Catholics. Examples included "The greatest sin of all: Cardinal Sin," and even his own pun of "Welcome to the house of Sin" that he used to greet guests at Villa San Miguel, the secondary archiepiscopal palace inMandaluyong.[3]
Events in the Philippines underPresidentFerdinand Marcos forced Sin, the spiritual leader of Filipino Catholics, to become involved in politics. He became witness to corruption, fraud, and even murder by the regime and rising popular discontent with the dictatorial rule of Marcos and his wife,Imelda.[6] Within six months of his appointment as Archbishop, Sin was criticizing authorities after the military raided a Manila seminary on the grounds that it was harbouring insurgents.[3] Sin appealed to Filipinos of all religions to follow the teachings of Jesus in theGospels and use peaceful means to change the political situation in the Philippines.
Beginning in the 1970s, Cardinal Sin, a moderate, was among the leaders who publicly pressured President Marcos to end martial law, which had been imposed in the belief that leftist radicals would overthrow the government.[8] Sin eventually decided to speak out in support of Corazon Aquino, the widow of the assassinated opposition leaderBenigno Aquino Jr., in calling for an end to martial law. This led to massive popular demonstrations, often led by nuns whom riot police dared not attack.[6] In February 1986, Sin called on Filipinos to surround the police and military headquarters in Manila to protect then-military Vice Chief of StaffFidel Ramos, who had broken with Marcos.[8] More than one million people took to the streets praying therosary and singing hymns in an outpouring that shielded anti-government rebels from attack. Some soldiers decided to join the marchers.
In what later became known as thePeople Power Revolution, Marcos, his family, and close advisors were forced to flee the Philippines[6] and took up residence inHonolulu, Hawaii, US, on the invitation ofU.S. PresidentRonald Reagan. Cardinal Sin, along with presidentsCorazon Aquino andFidel Ramos, became known to Filipinos as the architects of the People Power Movement.
Sin decided to intervene again in 2001 to become spiritual leader ofanother People Power Movement. Some Filipinos alleged that presidentJoseph Estrada was guilty of widespread corruption and graft because of the controversial "second envelope". Poor people marching in the streets, with the support of Sin, the elite, and military generals, succeeded in toppling Estrada from power and elevatingGloria Macapagal Arroyo as acting president in what was perceived by the international community as a "triumphant" democracy. The "second envelope" was opened after the coup and turned out to be Estrada's bank account. Commenting on the endemic corruption that persisted after Marcos, Sin said, "We got rid of Ali Baba, but the 40 thieves remained."[9] It was reported that the cardinal's actions caused uneasiness at the Vatican and that he was summoned to Rome to explain himself.[10]
Hours before hundreds of soldiers and officers staged a failed revolt against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in July 2003, Sin urged Filipinos to be vigilant against groups plotting to violently overturn the country's democratic institutions.[9]
Two and a half years after Sin's death, it was reported that at the height of EDSA II, Sin received a directive from theVatican ordering him and the Philippine clergy to adopt a non-partisan stance towards the political crisis.[11] Sin, who by then had committed support for the EDSA II revolt, was said to have threatened to resign as archbishop if compelled to withdraw his support.[11] The standoff was reportedly resolved with the mediation of theSupreme CourtAssociate JusticeArtemio Panganiban (later, Chief Justice of the Philippines), a member of thePontifical Council for the Laity, a department of theRoman Curia.[11] As a result, the Vatican did not persist with its earlier demand. The reports were attributed to persons reputed to have first-hand knowledge of the events,[11] but they were not confirmed officially by the Vatican or the Archdiocese of Manila.
Cardinal Sin retired asArchbishop of Manila on September 15, 2003, and was succeeded byGaudencio Borbon Rosales,Archbishop of Lipa. Cardinal Sin was too ill to travel to the2005 papal conclave that electedPope Benedict XVI. Afflicted for years with akidney ailment brought on bydiabetes, he was taken on June 19, 2005, to the Cardinal Santos Medical Center inSan Juan because of a slight but lingering fever. He died ofrenal failure on June 21, 2005, at the age of 76.[8] The government accorded him the honour of astate funeral and a period of national mourning through Presidential Proclamation No. 863, s. 2005 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He was buried on June 28 beside his three immediate predecessors in the crypt ofManila Cathedral after a funeral attended by thousands of Filipinos.[12]
:Philippine Legion of Honor, Chief Commander (CCLH)
:Order of Sikatuna, Grand Collar (GCS)
:Order of Lakandula, Grand Cross (GCrL)
:Knights of Rizal, Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR)[13]
:Order of Isabella the Catholic, Knight Grand Cross (gcYC) - (June 24, 1977)[14]Sin also received 26 honorary doctorates in various fields from higher education institutions in the Philippines and abroad (mostly from notable universities in the United States of America), among which are thePontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila,Yale University,Georgetown University,Brandeis University andBoston College.[15]
New Washington, Aklan also hosts the Museo Kardinal, a museum dedicated to the life of Sin established inside his former residence.[16]
As a predominantly Catholic country, issues in the Philippines have and are influenced by the church to varying degrees.Condom usage has historically been a controversial topic, and is often seen as a sin against reproduction, though not a cardinal one.[17] As the incumbent Archbishop of Manila in 1996, when the government distributed condoms to curbHIV infection rates, Sin deemed the programme sinful, calling it "intrinsically evil",[18] in line withChurch teaching on the matter. Sin also denounced then-Health-SecretaryJuan Flavier as a major sinner, with some asserting that Flavier was an unwitting agent of Satan due to his condom-usage promotion.[19] Other prominent Filipino Catholics protested against the government's condom-distribution programme by publicly burning boxes of condoms.[18]
| Catholic Church titles | ||
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| Preceded by | — TITULAR — Titular Bishop ofMassa Lubrense February 10, 1967 – October 8, 1972 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | CBCP President 1976–1981 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Jaro October 8, 1972 – January 21, 1974 | Succeeded by Artemio Casas |
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Manila March 19, 1974 – September 15, 2003 | Succeeded by |
| Cardinal-Priest ofS. Maria ai Monti May 24, 1976 – June 21, 2005 | Succeeded by | |
| TheRoman Curia |  | |
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| Metropolitan See ofManila | ||
| Metropolitan See ofCebu | ||
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