Following is alist of glaciers of Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Antarctica. This list may not reflect recently named glaciers inHeard Island and McDonald Islands.
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Heard Island is a volcanic island in theSouthern Ocean that is 80% covered in ice.[1]The island is cold and steep, and experiences high levels of snowfall.[2]There are many glaciers, which descend for up to 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) down to sea level.[1]The larger glaciers lose as much as 80% of their volume through calving into the ocean, and they are not particularly sensitive to temperature changes.Melting is a more significant factor in loss of volume for the smaller glaciers.[2]
Spring temperatures in the 1980s were about 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) higher than the average in 1946–54.[2]Comparison of air photographs from 1947 and early 1970 show that glaciers have generally retreated, particularly on the eastern flanks, and that they have narrowed on northern and windward western flanks.[1]The area covered by glaciers had shrunk from 288 square kilometres (111 sq mi) in 1947 to 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi) by 1988.A visit to the island in Spring 2000 showed several glaciers had retreated further, including the Stephenson, Brown and Baudissin glaciers.[2]Other studies have also shown the glaciers are retreating.[3][4]
53°06′S73°24′E / 53.100°S 73.400°E /-53.100; 73.400. A well-defined glacier, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long, descending from the ice-covered west slopes ofBig Ben to the west side of Heard Island betweenWalsh Bluff and Henderson Bluff. Surveyed in 1948 by theAustralian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) who named it for John Abbotsmith, engineer with the party.[5]
53°04′S73°24′E / 53.067°S 73.400°E /-53.067; 73.400.An ice stream on Heard Island flowing from Big Ben down to the sea to the south ofCape Gazert.Named after Ian Allison, glaciologist, Australian Antarctic Division, who carried out glaciological studies in this area in 1971 during the French-Australian Expedition.[6]
53°02′S73°26′E / 53.033°S 73.433°E /-53.033; 73.433A glacier, 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) wide, flowing into the west part ofCorinthian Bay, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) west of Challenger Glacier, on the north side of Heard Island. The glacier appears to have been first noted by a sketch in the narrative accompanying the scientific reports of the 1874 Challenger work along the north side of the island. The GerAE under Drygalski, 1901-03, portrayed a single large glacier flowing into Corinthian Bay and named it after Admiral Count Friedrich Baudissin, a sponsor of the expedition. In 1948 the ANARE determined that more than one glacier discharges into Corinthian Bay. TheAntarctic Names Committee of Australia (ANCA) recommended in 1954 that Baudissin Glacier be adopted for the westernmost and largest of these glaciers. Not: Baudissen Glacier.[7]
53°04′S73°39′E / 53.067°S 73.650°E /-53.067; 73.650. A glacier just south ofRound Hill on the east side of Heard Island.Surveyed by ANARE in 1948. Named by ANCA for K.G. Brown, ANARE biologist on Heard Island in 1951.[8]Between 1947 and 2004 the Brown Glacier shrank in area by about 29% from 6.18 square kilometres (2.39 sq mi) to 4.38 square kilometres (1.69 sq mi), with a corresponding reduction in volume. The change appears to be due to increased air temperatures during this period rather than any other factor.[9]
53°02′S73°28′E / 53.033°S 73.467°E /-53.033; 73.467. A glacier, 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) wide, flowing into the east part of Corinthian Bay, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Baudissin Glacier, on the north side of Heard Island. The glacier appears to have been first charted by the GerAE under Drygalski, 1901-03, who portrayed a single large glacier flowing into Corinthian Bay.In 1948 the ANARE determined that more than one glacier discharges into Corinthian Bay. The ANARE applied the name Challenger Glacier to the easternmost of these glaciers to commemorate the work of the British Challenger expedition, 1873-76.[10]
53°03′S73°37′E / 53.050°S 73.617°E /-53.050; 73.617. A glacier, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long, flowing northeast from the lower slopes of Big Ben to the northeast side of Heard Island betweenGilchrist Beach andFairchild Beach. The lower reaches of this glacier were charted and named "Morgan's Iceberg" on an 1860 sketch map compiled by Capt. H.C. Chester, American sealer operating in the area during this period. The feature was surveyed in 1948 by the ANARE, who applied the name Compton Glacier for G.S. Compton, assistant surveyor with the expedition. Not: Morgan's Iceberg.[11]
53°11′S73°31′E / 53.183°S 73.517°E /-53.183; 73.517. A glacier close to the west ofLavett Bluff on the south side of Heard Island.Surveyed by ANARE, 1948-63. Named by ANCA for W. Deacock, a member of ANARE on Heard Island in 1963.[12]
53°02′S73°31′E / 53.033°S 73.517°E /-53.033; 73.517. A broad glacier flowing north on both sides ofCape Bidlingmaier to the north coast of Heard Island. Surveyed by ANARE in 1948. Named by ANCA for M.C. Downes, ANARE biologist at Heard Island in 1951 and 1963.[13]
A glacier flowing from Big Ben on Heard Island to the sea between Melbourne Bluff and North Barrier. The glacier terminates in ice cliffs.Named For E.H.M. Ealey, Biologist, 1949 ANARE Heard Island Expedition who crossed the glacier during a biological survey en route to Spit Point.[14]
53°11′S73°34′E / 53.183°S 73.567°E /-53.183; 73.567. A large glacier flowing south betweenLavett Bluff andLambeth Bluff on the south side of Heard Island. Surveyed by ANARE in 1948.Named "The 1951 Glacier" by an ANARE party that made a traverse of Heard Island in 1951. The form Fiftyone Glacier was recommended by ANCA in 1964.[15]
53°10′S73°27′E / 53.167°S 73.450°E /-53.167; 73.450. A well-defined glacier, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long, descending from the ice-covered slopes of Big Ben to the southwest side of Heard Island between Cape Arkona andCape Labuan. Surveyed in 1948 by the ANARE, and named by them for Aubrey V. Gotley, meteorologist and officer-in-charge of the party.[16]
53°00′S73°20′E / 53.000°S 73.333°E /-53.000; 73.333. A glacier, 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) long, flowing northeast fromHayter Peak and terminating in icefalls oppositeVanhoffen Bluff on the north side of Heard Island. The glacier appears to be roughly charted on an 1860 sketch map compiled by Capt. H.C. Chester, American sealer operating in the area during this period.It was surveyed in 1948 by the ANARE, and named by them for Fred J. Jacka, expedition physicist.[17]
53°09′S73°26′E / 53.150°S 73.433°E /-53.150; 73.433. A glacier close north ofCape Arkona on the southwest side of Heard Island.Surveyed by ANARE in 1948. Named by ANCA for N.T. Lied, radio operator and weather observer with ANARE on Heard Island in the years 1951 and 1963, respectively.[18]
53°03′S73°24′E / 53.050°S 73.400°E /-53.050; 73.400. A glacier, 0.7 nautical miles (1.3 km; 0.81 mi) long, flowing west from Baudissin Glacier betweenMount Drygalski andNorth West Cornice, on the west side of Heard Island. The feature was roughly charted in 1902 by theGerman Antarctic Expedition (GerAE) underErich von Drygalski.He named it for Dr. J. Schmidt of the Royal Prussian Ministry, who assisted in obtaining government support for the expedition.[19]
53°06′S73°42′E / 53.100°S 73.700°E /-53.100; 73.700. A glacier close west ofDovers Moraine on the east side of Heard Island. Surveyed by ANARE in 1948. Named by ANCA for P.J. Stephenson, ANARE geologist on Heard Island in 1963.[20]
53°04′S73°23′E / 53.067°S 73.383°E /-53.067; 73.383A glacier draining west intoSouth West Bay on the west side of Heard Island. The feature was charted in 1902 by the GerAE under Drygalski. He named it for Richard Vahsel, an officer on the Gauss and a member of the party that made geological investigations near Atlas Cove.[21]
53°09′S73°38′E / 53.150°S 73.633°E /-53.150; 73.633. A glacier flowing toWinston Lagoon on the southeast side of Heard Island. Surveyed by ANARE in 1948. Named by ANCA in 1964 in association with nearby Winston Lagoon.[22]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theUnited States Board on Geographic Names.