This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Jack Lang" Australian politician – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(October 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The Honourable Jack Lang
Premier Jack T. Lang, c.1925
23rdPremier of New South Wales
In office 4 November 1930 – 16 May 1932
Monarch	George V
Governor	Philip Game
Preceded by	Thomas Bavin
Succeeded by	Bertram Stevens
In office 17 June 1925 – 18 October 1927
Monarch	George V
Governor	Dudley de Chair
Preceded by	George Fuller
Succeeded by	Thomas Bavin
11thLeader of the Opposition in New South Wales
In office 22 June 1932 – 5 September 1939
Deputy	Jack Baddeley
Preceded by	Bertram Stevens
Succeeded by	William McKell
In office 18 October 1927 – 4 November 1930
Deputy	Jack Baddeley
Preceded by	Thomas Bavin
Succeeded by	Thomas Bavin
In office 31 July 1923 – 17 June 1925
Deputy	Peter Loughlin
Preceded by	Bill Dunn (acting)
Succeeded by	George Fuller
8thLeader of the Australian Labor Party in New South Wales
In office 31 July 1923 – 6 September 1939
Deputy	Peter Loughlin Jack Baddeley
Preceded by	James Dooley Bill Dunn (acting)
Succeeded by	William McKell
Cabinet posts Secretary for Lands and Minister for Forests In office 25 November 1926 – 26 May 1927 Preceded by Peter Loughlin Succeeded by Ted Horsington Minister for Agriculture Acting In office 23 March – 3 September 1926 Preceded by Bill Dunn Succeeded by Bill Dunn 37thColonial Treasurer of New South Wales In office 15 October 1931 – 13 May 1932 Preceded by Himself Succeeded by Bertram Stevens In office 4 November 1930 – 15 October 1931 Preceded by Bertram Stevens Succeeded by Himself In office 17 June 1925 – 18 October 1927 Preceded by George Fuller Succeeded by Thomas Bavin In office 20 December 1921 – 13 April 1922 Premier James Dooley Preceded by Arthur Cocks Succeeded by Arthur Cocks In office 13 April 1920 – 10 October 1921 Premier John Storey Preceded by John Fitzpatrick Succeeded by Arthur Cocks
Electorates Member of theNew South Wales Legislative Assembly forAuburn In office 8 October 1927 – 15 August 1946 Preceded by Electorate established Succeeded by Chris Lang Member of theNew South Wales Legislative Assembly forParramatta In office 20 March 1920 – 7 September 1927 Serving with Albert Bruntnell,Bill Ely andThomas Morrow Preceded by Albert Bruntnell[a] Succeeded by Albert Bruntnell[a] Member of theNew South Wales Legislative Assembly forGranville In office 6 December 1913 – 18 February 1920 Preceded by John Nobbs Succeeded by Electorate abolished
Federal politics Member of theAustralian Parliament forReid In office 28 September 1946 – 10 December 1949 Preceded by Charles Morgan Succeeded by Charles Morgan
Personal details
Born	John Thomas Lang 21 December 1876 Brickfield Hill,Sydney City,Colony of New South Wales[b]
Died	27 September 1975 (aged 98) Auburn,New South Wales,Australia
Resting place	Catholic Lawn Cemetery,Rookwood
Party	Labor(1909–1943; from 1971)
Other political affiliations	Lang Labor(1931–1950) Labor (NC)(1940–1941; 1943–1950)
Height	193 cm (6 ft 4 in)[1][2]
Spouse	Hilda Amelia Bredt ​ ​ (m. 1896; died 1964)​
Children	7, includingChris
Parents	James Henry Lang (father) Mary Whelan (mother)
Education	St Francis Marist Brothers' School,Brickfield Hill

John Thomas Lang (21 December 1876 – 27 September 1975), commonly known asJack Lang and nicknamed "The Big Fella", was an Australian politician who served two terms aspremier of New South Wales, in office from 1925 to 1927 and again from 1930 to 1932. He was the state leader of theAustralian Labor Party (ALP) from 1923 to 1939 and hisLang Labor faction was an influential force in both state and federal politics, breaking away from the official ALP on several occasions.

Lang was born to a working-class family in Sydney and grew up in the city's inner suburbs. He left school at the age of 14 and worked a variety of jobs, eventually establishing a real estate agency in the Sydney suburb ofAuburn. Lang was first elected to theNew South Wales Legislative Assembly at the1913 state election and would hold several seats over the following 30 years. He remained loyal to the ALP following the1916 party split over conscription and served asstate treasurer from 1920 to 1922 in the governments ofJohn Storey andJames Dooley.

In 1923, Lang replaced Dooley as state leader of the ALP, a position he would maintain for 15 years despite a confrontational and pugnacious leadership style and competing factional demands. He led the party to a narrow victory at the1925 state election. His first term as premier saw the passage of social and industrial reforms, but was also marked by conflict with the conservativeLegislative Council and by internal party conflict. He was forced toan early election in 1927, which saw the ALP defeated. However, Lang and the ALP were returned to office in a landslide victory at the1930 election.

During theGreat Depression, Lang was a key figure in theALP split of 1931, which saw the defeat of the federal Labor government led byJames Scullin. He advocated economic populism and produced the "Lang Plan", which called for the repudiation or deferral of overseas debts to avoid theausterity measures in thePremiers' Plan. Lang's supporters in federal parliament supported ano-confidence motion in Scullin's government, with the ALP suffering a landslide defeat at the1931 federal election. Lang's continued conflict with the new federal government led byJoseph Lyons, including defiance of federal laws, precipitated the1932 New South Wales constitutional crisis. The crisis culminated when the Governor, SirPhilip Game, used hisreserve power to dismiss Lang and his government, the only such dismissal of an Australian state premier.

After his dismissal, Lang suffered a landslide defeat at the1932 state election and led the ALP to further defeats at the1935 and1938 state elections. His faction rejoined the official ALP in 1936, but factional conflict continued and he was finally ousted as leader in 1939. Attributing his defeat to communists, in 1940 he formed theAustralian Labor Party (Non-Communist), which achieved some electoral success but soon rejoined the official ALP in the interests of wartime unity. Lang was expelled from the ALP in 1943 and later served a single term in theHouse of Representatives from 1946 to 1949, representing the seat ofReid. He assumed the role of elder statesman in retirement and was re-admitted to the ALP in 1971 a few years before his death at the age of 98.

John Thomas Lang was born on 21 December 1876 onGeorge Street,Sydney, close to the present site ofThe Metro Theatre (betweenBathurst andLiverpool Streets). He was the third son (and sixth of ten children) of James Henry Lang, a watchmaker born inEdinburgh,Scotland, and Mary Whelan, a milliner born inGalway,Ireland. His mother and father had arrived in Australia in 1848 and 1860, respectively, and married inMelbourne,Victoria, on 11 June 1866, moving to Sydney five years later.^[3] Although Lang's father had been bornPresbyterian, he later became a Catholic like his wife, and the family "fitted into the normal low social stratum of the great majority of Sydney's Catholics".^[4]

The family lived in the inner-city slums for the majority of Lang's early childhood, including for a period on Wexford Street inSurry Hills, where he attended a local school, St Francis Marist Brothers' onCastlereagh Street. His father suffered fromrheumatic fever for most of Lang's childhood, and he supplemented his family's income by selling newspapers in the city on mornings and afternoons.^[3] In the mid-1880s, due to his parents' poverty, he was sent to live with his mother's sister on a small rural property nearBairnsdale, in theGippsland region of Victoria, attending for about four years the local Catholic school. Lang returned toNew South Wales in the early 1890s to seek employment, aged 14. His first jobs were in the rural areas to the south-west of Sydney: on a poultry farm atSmithfield, and then as the driver of ahorse-drawn omnibus in and aroundMerrylands andGuildford.^[4]

Aged 16, he returned to the inner city, working first in a bookstore, and then as an office boy for an accountant. Nairn (1986) writes that Lang's experience in the Sydney slums brought "an intimate knowledge […] of the protean denizens who found shelter there", inculcating in Lang some "real sympathy for them, but above all a determination to avoid their kind of existence, reinforced by a revulsion against the hardships of his own life in a large, generally poverty-stricken family."^[5]

During thebanking crash of the 1890s which devastated Australia, Lang became interested in politics, frequenting radical bookshops and helping with newspapers and publications of the infantLabor Party, which contested its first election inNew South Wales in 1891. At the age of 19 he married Hilda Amelia Bredt (1878–1964), the 17-year-old daughter of prominent feminist and socialistBertha Bredt, and the step-daughter of W. H. McNamara, who owned a bookshop in Castlereagh Street. Hilda's sister, also named Bertha, was married to the author and poetHenry Lawson.^[6]

Lang became a junior office assistant for an accounting practice, where his shrewdness and intelligence saw his career advance. Around 1900 he became the manager of a real estate firm in the then semi-rural suburb ofAuburn. He was so successful that he soon set up his own real estate business in an area much in demand by working-class families looking to escape the squalor and overcrowding of the inner-city slums.^[6]

As a resident in the unincorporated area aroundSilverwater andNewington, Lang became Secretary of the Newington Progress Association and led local efforts for the area to join theMunicipality of Auburn. On 20 June 1906, this was proclaimed, with the area included as the "Newington Ward", returning three aldermen.^[7] Lang was elected to first position in the new ward in April 1907, and served two terms as Mayor of Auburn in 1909–1911.^{[8][9][10][11][12][13]}

He was elected as a member of theNew South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 for the district ofGranville, serving as a backbencher in the Labor Party government led byWilliam Holman.^[14] When Prime MinisterBilly Hughes twice tried to introduce conscription to the country in WWI, Lang sided with the anti-conscriptionist wing of the ALP. The mass defection from the ALP of parliamentarians and supporters who supported the military measure opened up opportunities and Lang positioned himself for advancement. His financial skills led him to becomeTreasurer in PremierJohn Storey's Labor government from 1920 to 1922. Due to the post-World War I financial recession, the state's accounts were in deficit; Lang managed to cut this deficit significantly. From 1920 to 1927, he was a member for the multi-member seat ofParramatta.

After theLabor Party (ALP) lost government in 1922, Lang was elected asOpposition Leader in 1923 by his fellow Labor PartyMPs.^[15] He led the ALP to victory in the 1925 NSW general election and became Premier.^[6]

During his first term as Premier, Lang carried out many social reforms,^[16][17] including state pensions for widowed mothers with dependent children under fourteen, a universal and mandatory system of workers' compensation for death, illness and injury incurred on the job, funded by premiums levied on employers, the abolition of student fees in state-run high schools and improvements to various welfare schemes such as child endowment (which Lang's government had introduced). Various laws were introduced providing for improvements in the accommodation of rural workers, changes in the industrial arbitration system, and a 44-hour workweek. Extensions were made to the applicability of the Fair Rents Act while compulsory marketing along the lines of what existed in Queensland was introduced. Adult franchise for local government elections was also introduced, together with Legislation to safeguard native flora and to penalize ships for discharging oil.^{[citation needed]} His government also carried out road improvements, including paving much of theHume Highway and theGreat Western Highway.

Lang also restored the seniority and conditions toNew South Wales Government Railways and New South Wales GovernmentTramways workers who had been sacked or demoted after theGeneral Strike of 1917, includingBen Chifley, a future Prime Minister of Australia.

Lang establisheduniversal suffrage inlocal governmentelections – previously only those who ownedreal estate in a city, municipality or shire could vote in that area's local council elections. His government also passed legislation to allow women to sit in the upper house of the New South Wales Parliament in 1926. This was the first government to do so in the British Empire and three years before the 'Persons Case' decision of the Privy Council in London would grant the same privilege to women throughout the Empire.

By contrast, his attempts to abolish thelife-appointed upper house of the NSW Parliament, theLegislative Council, were unsuccessful. His attempts, based around requesting from the governor,Sir Dudley de Chair, enough appointees to swamp the council that would then vote for its abolition (the same approach his Queensland Labor colleagues had taken totheir upper house in 1922), brought him into significant conflict with the governor. However, his government's agenda required more political support to pass than the upper house was able to give, and Lang and the Labor party sought to eliminate what they saw as an outdated bastion of conservative privilege through this approach. At the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone for the new Auburn Town Hall in November 1926, he declared: "If I have my way, the Upper House will not be there much longer. Such a condition cannot continue, and, in fact, will not prevail much longer; but, for the time being, it is there, and our laws must continue to suffer while it exists."^[18]

After Labor's defeat at the 1927 election, Lang wasOpposition Leader again from 1927 to October 1930. After New South Wales returned to single-member electorates, Lang was elected as the member forAuburn, a seat he held until he left state politics in 1946. In this period theGreat Depression in Australia had begun in earnest with devastating effects on the nation's welfare and security.

In 1930, more than one in five adult males in New South Wales were without a job. Australian governments responded to the Depression with measures that, Lang claimed, made circumstances even worse - cuts to government spending, civil service salaries and public works cancellations. Lang vigorously opposed these measures and was elected in a landslide in October 1930.

As Premier, Lang refused to cut government salaries and spending, a stand which was popular with his constituents, but which made the state's fiscal position more parlous, though the economic state of the six other various Australian governments fared little better during this same period. In the wake of the Great Depression, measures were taken to ease the hardships of evicted tenants together with the hardships facing householders and other debtors battling to meet repayments.^{[citation needed]} He passed laws restricting the rights of landlords to evict defaulting tenants, and insisted on paying the legalminimum wage to all workers on relief projects.

At an economic crisis conference inCanberra in 1931, Jack Lang announced his own programme for economic recovery. The "Lang Plan" advocated the temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced to 3% to free up money for injection into the economy, the abolition of theGold standard to be replaced by a "Goods Standard" where the amount of money in circulation was linked to the number of goods produced, and the immediate injection of £18 million of new money into the economy in the form ofCommonwealth Bank of Australia credit. The Prime Minister and all other state Premiers rejected the plan.

Lang was a powerful orator, and during the crisis of the Depression, he addressed huge crowds in Sydney and other centres, promoting his populist program and denouncing his opponents and the wealthy in extravagant terms. His followers promoted the slogans "Lang is Right" and "Lang is Greater than Lenin." Lang was not a revolutionary or even a socialist, and he loathed theCommunist Party, which in turn denounced him as asocial fascist.

On 19 March 1932, Lang opened theSydney Harbour Bridge. Lang caused some controversy when he insisted on officially opening the bridge himself, rather than allowing theGovernor, the King's representative in NSW, to do so. He delivered what has come to be regarded as a landmark speech in Australian political history during the Opening, citing the theme that the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge was analogous to the history, development and dreams of the Australian nation and its people. It may be inferred that this speech depicted Lang's personal vision of the past, present and future of New South Wales and Australia's place in the British Empire and world, (to read this speech, refer to 'Stirring Australian Speeches', edited by Michael Cathcart andKate Darian-Smith). Just as Lang was about to cut the ribbon to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge, CaptainFrancis de Groot, a member of the paramilitaryNew Guard movement, rode up and broke the ribbon. The New Guard also planned to kidnap Lang, and plotted a coup against him during the crisis that brought Lang's premiership to an end.

Early in 1931, Jack Lang released his own plan to combat the Depression; this became known as "the Lang Plan". This was in contrast to the "Melbourne Agreement", later known as thePremiers' Plan, which all other State Governments and the Federal Government had agreed to in 1930. Key points of the Lang Plan included the temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced to 3% to free up money for injection into the economy, the cancellation of interest payments to overseas bondholders and financiers on government borrowings, the injection of more funds into the nation's money supply as central bank credit for the revitalisation of industry and commerce, and the abolition of thegold standard, to be replaced by a "Goods Standard," whereby the amount of currency in circulation would be fixed to the number of goods produced within the Australian economy. The banks had indicated that if he paid the interest they would advance him an additional amount which was greater than the interest, thus giving him a positive cash flow.

Lang opposed the Premiers' Plan agreed to by the federal Labor government ofJames Scullin and the other state Premiers, who called for even more stringent cuts to government spending to balance the budget. In October 1931 Lang's followers in the federal House of Representatives crossed the floor to vote with the conservativeUnited Australia Party and bring down the Scullin government. This action split the NSW Labor Party in two – Lang's followers became known asLang Labor, while Scullin's supporters, led by Chifley, became known in NSW asFederal Labor. Most of the party's branches and affiliated trade unions supported Lang.

Since the Commonwealth Government had become responsible for state debts in 1928 under an amendment to the Constitution, the newUAP government ofJoseph Lyons paid the interest to the overseas bondholders and then set about extracting the money from NSW by passing theFinancial Agreement Enforcement Act 1932, which the High Court held to be valid. Lang then contended that the Act was rendered null and void by contravening the 1833 prohibition of slavery throughout the British Empire; the Premier held that the actions of the Lyons government deprived the State of New South Wales means of paying the wages of State employees and that this necessarily constituted an (illegal) state of slavery.

In response, Lang withdrew all the state's funds from government bank accounts and held them at theTrades Hall in cash, so the federal government could not gain access to the money. The Governor, SirPhilip Game, a retiredRoyal Air Force officer, advised Lang that in his view this action was illegal and that if Lang did not reverse it he would dismiss the government. Lang stood firm, and on 13 May 1932, the Governor withdrew Lang's commission and appointed the UAP leader,Bertram Stevens, as premier. Stevens immediately called anelection, at which Labor was heavily defeated.

Gerald Stone, in his book1932, states that there is evidence that Lang considered arresting the Governor to prevent the Governor from dismissing him, (which Lang admitted in his own book,The Turbulent Years). The possibility was sufficiently high that the armed forces of the Commonwealth were put on alert.Andrew Moore and Michael Cathcart, among others, have put forward the possibility that such a clash would have seen the Commonwealth Armed Forces fighting the New South Wales Police.

This was the first case of an Australian government with the confidence of the lower house of Parliament being dismissed by a Vice-Regal representative, the second case being when Governor-GeneralSir John KerrdismissedGough Whitlam's government on 11 November 1975 (which Lang would not live to see by just 45 days). Game himself felt his decision was the right one, despite the fact that he had no personal animosity towards Lang. On 2 July 1932 Game wrote to his mother-in-law: "Still with all his faults of omission and commission I had and still have a personal liking for Lang and a great deal of sympathy for his ideals and I did not at all relish being forced to dismiss him. But I felt faced with the alternative of doing so or reducing the job of Governor all over the Empire to a farce."^[19] Lang himself, despite objecting to his dismissal conceded afterwards that he too liked Game, regarding him as fair and polite, and having had good relations with him.^[20]

Lang continued to lead the Labor Opposition, although the NSW Branch of the ALP remained separate from the rest of the party. The UAP won the elections of 1935 and 1938. After this third defeat, the Federal Labor forces began to gain ground in NSW, as many union officials became convinced that Labor would never win again in the state while Lang remained leader. Lang was ousted as NSW Opposition Leader in 1939 and was replaced byWilliam McKell, who became Premier in 1941.

Lang was expelled fromNSW Labor by the state executive on 5 March 1943,^[21] and started his own parallel Labor Party, called the ALP (Non-Communist), but this time with only minority support in the NSW party and unions. Through the 1940s, he railed against the dangers of communism as a 'Cold War warrior'. He remained a member of the Legislative Assembly until 1946, resigning to stand for theDivision of Reid in theAustralian House of Representatives. His state seat of Auburn was won by his sonChris at a by-election. Jack Lang's victory in Reid was unexpected; he was elected on a minority of the votes thanks to preferences given to him by theLiberal Party. In federal parliament, he is often cited as being the most effective of the opposition to the government of his old rival, Prime MinisterBen Chifley^{[citation needed]}, despite voting for the latter'sBank Act in 1947. He contested theseat of Blaxland in the1949 federal election, but was defeated and never held office again, despite a bid to be elected to theSenate in 1951.

Lang spent his long retirement editing his newspaperThe Century, and wrote several books about his political life, includingThe Great Bust,I Remember andThe Turbulent Years. He grew increasingly conservative as he grew older, supporting theWhite Australia Policy after the rest of the labour movement had abandoned it. InI Remember he wrote: "White Australia must not be regarded as a mere political shibboleth. It was Australia'sMagna Carta. Without that policy, this country would have been lost long ere this. It would have been engulfed in an Asian tidal wave." To the end of his life, he proudly proclaimed that "Lang was Right." Lang also spent time visiting Sydney schools recounting recollections of his time in office to his young audience. Lang gave a number of lectures at Sydney University circa 1972–1973, at which he discussed his time in office and other topics such as economic reform. His address given on 1 July 1969 to the students of Sefton High School is available on tape at the Mitchell Library.^[22] He was re-admitted to theLabor Party in 1971, initiated byBlaxland MPPaul Keating and supported byMacquarie MPTony Luchetti.^[23] In the 1993 ABC TV documentaryLabor in Power, Keating noted on Lang: "Lang finished his political life with not an ounce of bitterness in him. I never heard him ever refer to anyone disparagingly, and he always had a kind word forCurtin, always."^[24]

Lang died in Auburn in September 1975, aged 98, and was commemorated with a packed house and overflowing crowds outside Sydney'sSt. Mary's Cathedral at hisRequiem Mass and memorial service. His funeral was attended by prominent Labor leaders including then Prime MinisterGough Whitlam. He was buried atRookwood Cemetery, Sydney.^[25]

• Lang, John Thomas (1944).Communism in Australia.
• Lang, John Thomas (1946).For Australia: Stirring Speech. New Zealand Worker Print.
• Lang, John Thomas (1956).I Remember. Invincible Press.
• Lang, John Thomas (1962).The Great Bust: The Depression of the Thirties.Angus & Robertson.
• Lang, John Thomas (1970).The Turbulent Years. Alpha Books.

Notes

Citations

• Nairn, Bede (1986).The 'Big Fella': Jack Lang and the Australian Labor Party 1891-1949 (paperbook). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 369.ISBN 0-522-84406-5. Seeonline review of this book

Wikimedia Commons has media related toJack Lang (New South Wales politician).

• Australian Dictionary of Biography Online entry for Jack Lang
• National Archives of Australia Fact Sheet on Jack Lang
• "The Big Fellow" (video, 60 minutes), documentary byAllan Fraser,Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1968

• 1876 births
• 1975 deaths
• Premiers of New South Wales
• Australian anti-communists
• Australian people of Irish descent
• Australian social democrats
• Australian Roman Catholics
• Australian white nationalists
• Lang Labor members of the Parliament of Australia
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Reid
• Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
• Burials at Rookwood Cemetery
• Mayors of Auburn
• Leaders of the opposition in New South Wales
• Treasurers of New South Wales
• Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
• Lang Labor members of the Parliament of New South Wales
• Members of the Australian House of Representatives
• Australian MPs 1946–1949

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles needing additional references from October 2024
• All articles needing additional references
• Use Australian English from August 2021
• All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
• Use dmy dates from August 2021
• All articles with unsourced statements
• Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
• Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010
• Commons category link is on Wikidata