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Jabriyya (Arabic:جبرية,romanized: Jabriyyah rooted fromj-b-r) was anIslamic theological group based on the belief that humans are controlled bypredestination, without having choice orfree will and that all actions are compelled by God.[1]
The term Jabriyya comes from the verb ajbara, meaning to compel someone to act.Ibn Manzūr connects this idea of compulsion (ijbār) with predestination, defining the Jabriyya as those who hold that “God compels humans to carry out their actions.”[2]
Historically, theJabriyya term was first used during theUmayyad Caliphate era in Basra. The first accused of this school wasAl-Ja'd ibn Dirham (executed in 724).[3] According to modern western historian Josef van Ess, the term ofJabriyya historically became a derogatory term used by different Islamic groups to denounce their opposing view; which technically its not an established school of thought.[4] TheAsh'ariyah used the termJabriyya in the first place to describe the followers ofJahm ibn Safwan (executed in 746).[5] The Ashʿarīs took a balanced theological position between the extremes of Jabriyya and Qadariyya. While Jabriyya denied human free will entirely, and Qadariyya affirmed full human autonomy, Ashʿarīs held that God creates all actions, but humans “acquire” them through intention and choice. This kasb doctrine allowed for divine omnipotence without denying human moral responsibility.[5][6]
In Ashʿarī writings, it's often noted that theMuʿtazilīs whom they pejoratively label as “Qadariyya”—mock the Ashʿarīs by calling them “Jabriyya” in order to discredit their theological views.[2] TheShi'ites used the termJabriyya to describe Ash'ariyah andHanbali.[7]Abd al-Aziz al-Tarifi viewed the labelling of a Sunni as Jabriyya is characteristic of Qadariyya thoughts.[8]
The theologianal-Shahrastānī distinguishes between two levels within the Jabriyya. The first group represents the true or extreme Jabriyya, who argue that humans possess no power whatsoever to initiate or produce actions—everything is entirely caused by God. The second group holds a less strict position, maintaining that while humans do have a form of capacity or ability, it does not play an effective role in producing actions; instead, it is God alone who brings the actions into existence.[2]
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