Jakarta metropolitan area Jabodetabekpunjur
Megacity andmegalopolis
From top, left to right: Aerial view ofBundaran HI inJakarta,Bogor city andMount Salak,Depok skyline,Alam Sutera CBD inSouth Tangerang, Aerial view ofPuncak,Bekasi skyline at night andLandsatsatellite view of Greater Jakarta during night.
Coordinates:6°10′30″S106°49′43″E / 6.17500°S 106.82861°E /-6.17500; 106.82861
Country	Indonesia
Provinces	Banten Jakarta West Java
Core City	Jakarta
Satellite Cities	Bogor Depok Tangerang City South Tangerang Bekasi
Regencies	Bogor Regency Tangerang Regency Bekasi Regency part ofCianjur Regency
Area
• Metro	6,822.03 km2 (2,634.00 sq mi)
Population  (mid 2024 estimate)[2]
• Urban	35,386,000[1]
• Metro	32,257,654
• Metro density	4,728.45/km2 (12,246.6/sq mi)
GDPMegacity [3][4][5]
• GDP[n 1]	IDR 6,404,701 trillion (2023)
• Nominal	US$ 420.192 billion (2023)
• PPP	US$ 1.346 trillion (2023)
Time zone	UTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Postcodes	1xxxx
Area codes	(62)21, (62)251, (62)263
Vehicle sign	A, B, F
GDPmetro	2023[3][4][5]
- Total	Rp 5,164,649  trillion US$ 338.836 billion US$ 1.085 trillion (PPP)
- Per capita	Rp 149.221 million US$ 9,789 US$ 31,353 (PPP)
Highest elevation 3,019 m/9,905 ft (Mount Pangrango, inBogor Regency)

TheJakarta metropolitan area orGreater Jakarta,^{[6][7][8][9][10]} known locally asJabodetabekpunjur (an acronym ofJakarta–Bogor–Depok–Tangerang–Bekasi further extended to includePuncak region ofBogor Regency and portions ofCianjur Regency) is the most populousmegapolitan area inIndonesia. It includes the national capital (Jakarta Special Capital Region, as the core city) as well as fivesatellite cities and three complete regencies.^[11] The original term "Jabotabek" dated from the late 1970s and was revised to "Jabodetabek" in 1999 when "De" (for "Depok") was inserted into the name following its formation. The term "Jabodetabekjur" or "Jabodetabekpunjur" was legalised on thePresidential Regulation Number 54 of 2008,^[12] and then the name "Jabodetabekpunjur" became officially used;^[13] however, this extension to include part of Cianjur Regency is not included in the figures below.

The area comprisesJakarta Special Capital Region and parts ofWest Java andBanten provinces, specifically the three regencies -Bekasi Regency andBogor Regency in West Java, andTangerang Regency in Banten. The area also includes the independentcities ofBogor,Depok,Bekasi,Tangerang andSouth Tangerang, all of which are not included administratively in the regencies. The name of the region is taken from the first two (or three) letters of each city's name: Ja-bo-de-ta-bek fromJAkarta,BOgor,DEpok,TAngerang andBEKasi.

The population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, with an area of 6,822.03 km² (2,634.00 sq mi), was 31.24 million according to the Indonesian 2020 Census,^[14] making it the most populous region in Indonesia, as well as themost populous urban area in the world. The Jakarta metropolitan area's share of the national population increased from 6.1% in 1961 to 11.26% in 2010.^[15] The population grew further to 32.3 million according to the official mid 2024 Estimates.^[2]

The region is the centre of government, culture, education, and economy of Indonesia. It has pulled many people from throughout Indonesia to come, live and work. Its economic power makes Jakarta metropolitan area the country's premier centre for finance, manufacturing and commerce. According to 2019 data, the area had agross domestic product of US$297.7 billion with a per capita GDP of $8,775, and apurchasing power parity of $978.5 billion with a per capita PPP of $28,840, equal to 26.2% ofeconomy of Indonesia.

The region was established in 1976 through Presidential Instruction No. 13 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population of the capital city. Indonesia's government established the Jabotabek Cooperation Body (Badan Kerjasama Pembangunan) of the joint secretariat of Government of DKI Jakarta and West Java province.^[16]

The generic term Greater Jakarta refers to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, and it is not specific to any official or administrative designations. On the contrary, depending on context, it may refer to thebuilt-up area around Jakarta.

Among the inhabitants, approximately 10.68 million lived in Jakarta Special Capital Region according to the mid-2024 official estimates; about 9.24 million in the five cities ofBogor,Depok,Bekasi,Tangerang andSouth Tangerang; and about 12.33 million in the three regencies (Bekasi Regency,Bogor Regency, andTangerang Regency).^[17] The proportion of the core city's (Jakarta) population to that of the entire metropolitan area also declined significantly. In mid 2024, the population of Jakarta was only 33.1% of the total population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, continuing the decline from 54.6% in 1990 to 43.2% in 2000 and 35.5% in 2010. Furthermore, there has been a shift of arrival-destination for incoming migrants from Jakarta to other cities in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Today, about 20% of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in the Jakarta metropolitan area.

Sources:

• Census final 2010; Census final 2020;^[19] and official estimate as at mid 2024. / Badan Pusat Statistik - Indonesia.
• Indonesia: Table of all administrative divisions^[20]/ Citypopulation.de
• Kemendagri 2022 JuneestimateArchived 5 July 2022 at theWayback Machine. Note the pandemic had a skewing effects on Census 2020 data compared with prior year estimates, in favor of satellite cities, while post-pandemic data indicated a flood back into central cities, but by 2024 this effect was reversed. This effect was repeated for Bandung, Surabaya, Palembang, and Medan.

Province	GDP (billionIDR)[21]	GDP (billionUS$)
Jakarta	3,442,981	225.883
West Java	2,625,219	172.232
Banten	814,124	53.412
Greater Jakarta	6,882,324	451.257

Today, the role of the Jakarta metropolitan area in the national economy is still dominant although the decentralisation policy has been implemented sincethe political reforms in 1998. The region accounts for 25.52% of total nationalgross domestic product and 42.8% to the total GDP ofJava in 2010.^[15] Central Jakarta, South Jakarta and Bekasi have respectively accounted for 4.14%; 3.78% and 2.11% of total national GDP.^[22] There are three dominant sectors which have a high contribution to the total Jakarta metropolitan area's GDP comprising: industrial sector (28.36%), financial sector (20.66%) as well as trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (20.24%).^[16] Based on the contribution of each sector to the total national GDP in 2010, Jakarta metropolitan area contributed 41.87% for the finance sector, 33.1% for construction and building, as well as 30.86% for transportation.^[15]

Prime business and commercial centres include the "Golden Triangle" in central Jakarta. There are Indonesia's premier financial centre,SCBD, Mega Kuningan, Rasuna Epicentrum as well as alongJalan Jenderal Sudirman,Jalan M.H. Thamrin,Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto andJalan H.R. Rasuna Said.^[23] The Golden Triangle is also known to expatriates and locals as a lifestyle centre of the metropolis. There are countless high-end boutiques, fine restaurants, coffee shops and malls.Kelapa Gading is the newest business district, lifestyle centre and residential areas, located in the north-eastern part of Jakarta. It has several bars and entertainment places that open up until late at night.

The development of large scale residential areas and industrial parks in the Jakarta metropolitan area has been induced by infrastructure development, especially toll roads and railways. The Jakarta metropolitan area has been built industrial estate in the outskirts, mainly inCikarang, home to a dozen industrial estates with more than 2,500 industrial companies. The Cikarang industrial estate occupied a total land area of about 11,000 hectares^[24] and became the largest concentration of manufacturing activities inSoutheast Asia.^[25] Many foreign companies are located in theCikarang industrial estate, such as fromJapan,South Korea,China,Singapore andUnited States.

The region is partly defined by the areas from which people commute into the city. All municipality and regencies have access totoll road and rail service. At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists ofTransJakarta BRT,KRL Commuterline commuter rail,Jakarta LRT,Soekarno–Hatta Airport Commuter Line,Jakarta MRT andJabodebek LRT. Jakarta LRT began operation by late 2019, and Jabodebek LRT began operation by 28 August 2023.^[26]

The Jakarta metropolitan area has two major airports,Soekarno Hatta International Airport, commonly known as Cengkareng Airport (CGK) andHalim Perdanakusuma International Airport (chiefly domestic).Pondok Cabe Airport in South Tangerang, owned by the state oil companyPertamina, is used for civilian and military airport.

The Jakarta metropolitan area is served byKRL Commuterline, a 418 km (260 mi)commuter train comprising five lines (Red/Bogor Line,Green/Rangkasbitung Line,Blue/Cikarang Loop Line,Brown/Tangerang Line andPink/Tanjung Priok Line) and over 80 stations across the area, plusLebak Regency in Banten.

Urban rail systems in Jakarta includerapid transit systemJakarta MRT, andlight rail systemJakarta LRT, andlight rapid transit systemJabodebek LRT. Before Jakarta MRT was opened in 2019, the Jakarta metropolitan area was the world's largest metropolitan areas without agrade-separatedrapid transit system.

Rail connection to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is served bySoekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link andSoekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain inside the airport complex.

TheTransjakartabus rapid transit service was developed throughout Jakarta and currently has 14 active corridors and a further five in planning. The system connects Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang with four routes connecting Jakarta with Bekasi vice versa, namelySummarecon Bekasi -Cawang, East Bekasi - Cawang,Vida Bekasi ‐Cawang Sentral viaJatiasih, and East Bekasi -Dukuh Atas viaBecakayu Toll Road.^[27][28] While for Depok, four routes are currently active:UI -Manggarai, UI - Lebak Bulus, Terminal Depok - Cawang Sentral via theCijago toll road, andSawangan - Lebak Bulus viaDesari toll road.^[27][28] In addition to the main corridors, the feeder buses of Transjakarta serves commuters from satellite cities, such asBumi Serpong Damai,Bintaro Jaya, andAlam Sutera (South Tangerang), as well asPantai Indah Kapuk 2 (Tangerang Regency) and Bogor.^[28]

Indonesia operates a singlehigh-speed rail service between the country's two largest cities,Jakarta andBandung, brandedWhoosh (short forWaktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat,lit. 'Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System').[29]^[30][31] It is operated byKereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).^[32]

Whoosh is the first high-speed railway inSoutheast Asia,^[33] and theSouthern Hemisphere^[34] and covers a distance of 143 kilometres (89 mi) with an operating speed of 350 km/h (220 mph),^[35][36] and design speed ofKCIC400AF train of 420 km/h (260 mph),^[37][38]making it the second fastest commercially operating railway network in the world.^[39]The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from three hours before its opening.^[34] Whoosh cost $7.3 billion to build.^[40]

The line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 17 October 2023.^[41] The Whoosh high speed train served 1 million passengers during 2 months of commercial operation from 17 October to 25 December 2023.

• List of metropolitan areas by population
• List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia
• Surabaya metropolitan area
• Bandung metropolitan area
• Medan metropolitan area
• Semarang metropolitan area
• Makassar metropolitan area

• Forbes, Dean. "Jakarta: Globalization, economic crisis, and social change," pp. 268–298, in Josef Gugler (ed.)World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality.

• Metropolitan areas of Indonesia
• Areas of Jakarta

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