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Ja Thak Wa uprising
Champa during the last decades (1790s-1832)
Date September 1834 – July 1835 Location Central Vietnam &Southern Vietnam Result Nguyễn dynasty victory
Belligerents
Champa	Nguyễn dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Ja Thak Wa † Po War Palei †	Bùi Công Huyên Lê Đức Tiệm
Strength
Unknown	Unknown

Ja Thak Wa uprising (Vietnamese:Khởi nghĩa Ja Thak Wa) was a revolt led by two ethnic Cham leaders, Ja Thak Wa and Po War Palei, against the Vietnamese government under EmperorMinh Mạng in 19th centurysouthern Vietnam.^[1]

NorthernChampa wasconquered by the Dai Viet in 1471 but the Cham kept various forms of autonomy until 1832 (Panduranga andPrincipality of Thuận Thành). The Chams were forced to adopt Vietnamese customs.^[2]

After theKatip Sumat uprising was put down, Ja Thak Wa (Thầy Điềnor Điền Sư), another Muslim cleric, launched another revolt against Vietnamese in 1834. Ja Thak Wa chose Chek Bicham (Phố Châm Sơn) as his base area; he crowned Po War Palei (La Bôn Vương), a brother-in-law of the lastdeputy rulerPo Dhar Kaok (Nguyễn Văn Nguyên), as the new Champa king.^[3] The rebels attackedNinh Thuận,Bình Thuận,Khánh Hòa andPhú Yên.^[1] They were supported byMontagnard inCentral Highlands.^[3]

The rebellion was put down in July 1835, though both Ja Thak Wa and Po War Palei were killed inPhan Rang earlier in May.^[1] In the same year, two Cham leaders,Po Phaok The (Nguyễn Văn Thừa) andPo Dhar Kaok (Nguyễn Văn Nguyên) were executed by the Emperor.^[4]

Ja Thak Wa, aCham religious leader from Văn Lâm village,Ninh Thuận, originally a distinguished leader ofSumat's uprising, refrained from following Khaṭīb Sumat's prophecies after having a dispute with the khatib about motivation and planning.^{[note 1][5][6]} Sumat's uprising quickly fell apart due to the same reason. Ja Thak Wa criticized Sumat for his fanatical Islamic extremism and sycophant behaviors.^[7] He splintered his band from Sumat in late 1833 to the western mountains (Central Highlands).^[8] Ja Thak Wa was a moderate Bani dignitary and his movement in chiaroscuro was not motivated by Islamism.^{[note 2]} His desires were restoring an independent state of Champa with multiethnic and multicultural harmonies from Vietnamese rules, urging the Cham natives to revolt and drive Vietnamese settlers out of Champa.^[9]

In August 1834, Ja Thak Wa's forces began the first uprising by organizing attacks on Vietnamese military garrisons in coastal Bình Thuan and rallied people to revolt.^{[note 3]} An account calls his forlorn homeland quaked and awakened by resentful "holy fire" (Apuei Kadhir).^[10] But the Cham leadership in the lowland were too afraid if they denounced the Vietnamese and joined the rebellion against Minh Mang.^{[note 4]}

In October, the insurrection entered its second offensive, hailing from the mountains to the lowland.^{[note 5]} Ja Thak Wa believed 'the revolution could only succeed if it gained fully passionate commitment and support from the lowland mass,' the rebels forced people to reach affidavits by launching a terror campaign, mass killing of disloyal Cham and Kinh settlers, especially those who allied with the kingPo Phaok The.^{[note 6][note 7]} The Vietnamese daily chronicles of Minh Mang claims that the rebels had committed great slaughters against lowland Chams as well as Kinh settlers.^[11]

In late 1834, the revolution's headquarters (located in theCentral Highlands east ofKhanh Hoa province) were put under a newly established provisional assembly, an aggregate made up of an anti-Vietnamese coalition of the suffered, namely Cham Bani and Cham Balamons, the highlanders,...^{[note 8][12]} The assembly's plebiscite then electedPo War Palei,Cei Dhar Kaok's brother-in-law, a descendant of kingPo Rome's dynasty, and being a person ofRaglai background from Cadang village, as king of New Champa. The assembly then anointed aChuru leader toYang Aia Harei (Prince of the Sun) and Ja Yok Ai, a Cham leader, as the military commander. Notably, many prolific members of the high royal family of Panduranga also joined the resistance. The assembly's panel also arbitrated hostilities between Balamon and Bani communities. These actions, historianPo Dharma commented, an emphasis that manifests the polyethnic, antiracist, and democratic intentions of Ja Thak Wa's independence movement.^[13]

Accordingly, Ja Thak Wa believed that the proclamation of the Champa provisional assembly would eventually drive the movement to the ultimate and inevitable goal – the liberation of Champa as an independent, sovereign state.^[14]

Upon learning news of the uprising, Minh Mang was furious as he complained about Ja Thak Wa's movement "anti-Viet idiotic and barbarous highlands led by traitorous and disobedient mobs."^{[note 9]} He ordered troops in the provinces to put down the rebellion.

Vietnamese military force, numbering around one thousand stationary troops supported by Kinh militia, established a naval blockade around coastal Ninh Thuan-Binh Thuan, then moved troops into villages to dislodge the rebels and set up interdiction efforts against rebels' logistics.

The Vietnamese court initially underestimated rebels and waged conventional warfare against them but could not match both popular uprisings and guerrilla fighters. Ja Thak Wa organized his army into small, mobile bands of guerilla fighters.

Situations in Panduranga quickly submerged into horror. Violence and terrorism escalated. The Vietnamese military deployed terrorist tactics to cut down supplies, such as burning down Cham villages and farmlands, blazing a trail of destruction, and carrying out considerable violent abuses against innocent civilians, intimidating the Cham population support and probable involvement for the insurgency of Ja Thak Wa.^[15]

By early 1835, the Nguyen army had been driven out after being outflanked by rebels and losing battles at key towns of An Phước, Hòa Ða, Tuy Tịnh districts, and theBình Thuận governance fell to the revolutionaries. Ja Thak Wa obtained control over old Panduranga.^{[note 10]}

Ja Thak Wa's reviving Champa then quickly expanded unprecedentedly, gaining control over a vast area in Central Vietnam, stretching fromPhú Yên,Khánh Hòa,Ninh Thuận,Bình Thuận,Di Linh,Đồng Nai, andLâm Đồng.^[16][17]

The revolt's success jeopardized the stance of the Nguyen court and destabilized the Vietnamese empire. TheLê Văn Khôi revolt atSaigon had not yet been pacified. The Siamese were agitating anti-Minh Mang rebellions in northern Vietnam while conducting raids in Cambodia, Vietnam's newly annexed territory.^[15]

Upon learning of his territorial losses to the Cham rebels, Minh Mang dispatched a reinforcement of 3,000 royal troops forward to the old Thuan Thanh to return his grips over Panduranga and put down the revolution.^{[note 11][note 12]} He fired several local officials that were blamed for having mismanaged and procrastinated suppression of the revolt.^{[note 13]}

In March 1835, Minh Mang promised good remittances for soldiers who killed and beheaded a rebel to liquidate the revolt.^[18] Subsequently, what happened in Old Panduranga was a bloody reign of terror, systematic mass killings against armless Cham and indigenous civilians undertaken by Vietnamese soldiers and Kinh militia at a terrified 'genocidal level',^[19] by using abhorrent methods such as slow slicing or rampant mass killings with dead, mutilated bodies littered all over the area, and all those Vietnamese war crimes were well witnessed in both Vietnamese royal documents and Cham sources.^{[note 14][18]} The same notorious method Minh Mang had employed in suppressing many previous rebellions and Christian revolts, however, quickly went out of control and turned into an ethnocide in Champa.^[18] Contemporary local hand accounts also noticed the ground zero: "Hue awards each soldier money and award for collecting three Cham heads every morning." Unstoppable, Vietnamese royal troops and Kinh paramilitary units were competing at hunting down and murdering innocent Cham civilians to receive task prizes.^{[note 15][18]}

On the other hand, Minh Mang ordered his troops to destroy salt and rice storage houses to prevent Ja Thak Wa's troops from resupplying and brought war elephants to battle the rebels who did not have firearms to counter the elephant charge.^{[note 16][20]}

Facing brutal Cham defiance, Minh Mang then was intrigued into deliberation about askingTrương Minh Giảng, the current in-office governor-general of Cambodia, to govern Panduranga in disguise.^{[note 17][20]} Then he expected a hiatus by retracting his agenda and bribing the Cham aristocrats who have been adverse from the beginning to sabotage the revolution's core supporters. His administration granted amnesty to the former kingPo Phaok The and the sister of the vice kingCei Dhar Kaok.^[21] He dismissed the killing competition he previously ordered by himself and demanded punishment for troops and corrupted officials who abused and killed unarmed civilians.^{[note 18]} He exonerated some 200 Cham prisoners in April while launching a disinformation campaign against Ja Thak Wa.^{[note 19]}

A blow struck the leadership of Neo Champa in the summer of 1835. The Raglai king Po War Palei was killed in action while battling against Nguyen troops in May 1835.^{[note 20]} Ja Thak Wa was wounded in Hamu Linang hamlet, nearPhan Rang, was then captured by the Vietnamese, and he was sentenced to the death penalty.^{[note 21]}

The revolutionaries still fiercely resisted until July in a futile hope of warding off the Vietnamese but soon succumbed and surrendered.^{[note 22][22]} Many revolutionaries and people involved in the uprising were immediately executed after their surrender, and some others were sent to exile or (slave) labor camps.^{[note 23]}

In July 1835, Minh Mang ordered the executions of the former kingPo Phaok The and the vice kingCei Dhar Kaok, reportedly being accused of inspiringLe Van Khoi's a plot against the court,^{[note 24][note 25]} byslow-slicing.^{[note 26][note 27][23]}

In the summer of 1835, Minh Mang issued the destruction of Champa to release his anger. Historic sites were not exempted from the destruction. Cham cemeteries and royal tombs were smashed and vandalized. Temples were demolished.^[24] The temple of the kingPo Rome was lit on fire.^{[note 28]} Most Cham villages and towns, especially aquatic villages along the coast, had been razed and annihilated.^[25] Around seven to twelve Cham villages were scrambled to the ground. A Cham document recounts: "If you go along the coast from Panrang^[26] to Parik, you will see, Prince and Lord, that there are no more Cham houses (on the coast)." Consequently, the Cham had lost their ancestors' seafaring and shipbuilding traditions.^[27]

After Ja Thak Wa, Vietnamese royal documents also recorded one more uprising in the former Panduranga, led by two Cham sisters, Thị Tiết and Thị Cân Oa, in 1836.^{[note 29][28]}

After all, to prevent further Cham resistance, Minh Mang decided to displace the Cham population and scatter them interleaved next to Kinh villages while shutting off communication between lowlander Cham and highlander tribes.^{[note 30]} Cham religious life and customs were practically wiped out. Indigenous highland peoples, their livelihoods, and their tracks were kept under heavy surveillance.^[29][30]

Ming Mang's successorsThieu Tri andTu Duc reverted most of their grandfather's harsh policies on religion and ethnic assimilation, and the Cham was reallowed to practice their faiths.

Nevertheless, it was until when theFrench acquisition of Vietnam and laterIndochina in the late 1880s had been finished only a tiny fraction, 40,000 Cham people in the old Panduranga remained.^[31] TheFrench colonial administration prohibited Kinh discrimination and prejudice against Cham and indigenous highland peoples, putting an end to Vietnamese cultural genocide of the Cham.^[31]

• Ja Lidong rebellion
• Nduai Kabait rebellion
• Lê Văn Khôi revolt
• Katip Sumat uprising
• History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars

• Bruckmayr, Philipp (2019).Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay World: Malay Language, Jawi Script, and Islamic Factionalism from the 19th Century to the Present.Brill Publishers.ISBN 978-9-00438-451-4.
• Lafont, Pierre-Bernard (2007).Le Campā: Géographie, population, histoire. Indes savantes.ISBN 978-2-84654-162-6.
• Po, Dharma (2013).Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835). International Office of Champa.
• Weber, Nicolas (2012). "The destruction and assimilation of Campā (1832–35) as seen from Cam sources".Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.43 (1):158–180.doi:10.1017/S0022463411000701.S2CID 154818297.
• Weber, Nicholas (2016), "The Cham Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Patterns of Historical, Political, Social and Economic Development", in Engelbert, Jörg Thomas (ed.),Vietnam's Ethnic and Religious Minorities: A Historical Perspective, Peter Lang Edition, pp. 157–202,doi:10.3726/978-3-653-05334-0,ISBN 978-3-63166-042-3

• 19th century in Vietnam
• Military history of Vietnam
• Rebellions in the Nguyễn dynasty
• Rebellions in Asia
• 1834 in Vietnam
• 1835 in Vietnam
• Conflicts in 1834
• Conflicts in 1835
• 19th-century rebellions
• History of Champa
• Islam and violence
• Jihad
• History of Ninh Thuận province
• History of Bình Thuận province
• History of Khánh Hòa province
• History of Phú Yên province
• Violence against indigenous peoples in Asia

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