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J. R. Jayewardene | |
|---|---|
 Jayewardene in 1984 | |
| 2nd President of Sri Lanka | |
| In office 4 February 1978 – 2 January 1989 | |
| Prime Minister | Ranasinghe Premadasa |
| Preceded by | William Gopallawa |
| Succeeded by | Ranasinghe Premadasa |
| 7thPrime Minister of Sri Lanka | |
| In office 23 July 1977 – 4 February 1978 | |
| President | William Gopallawa |
| Preceded by | Sirimavo Bandaranaike |
| Succeeded by | Ranasinghe Premadasa |
| 6thLeader of the Opposition | |
| In office 7 June 1970 – 18 May 1977 | |
| Prime Minister | Sirimavo Bandaranaike |
| Preceded by | Sirimavo Bandaranaike |
| Succeeded by | A. Amirthalingam |
| 6th Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement | |
| In office 4 February 1978 – 9 September 1979 | |
| Preceded by | William Gopallawa |
| Succeeded by | Fidel Castro |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office 24 April 1960 – 20 July 1960 | |
| Prime Minister | Dudley Senanayake |
| Preceded by | Oliver Goonetilleke |
| Succeeded by | Stanley de Zoysa |
| In office 26 September 1947 – 13 October 1953 | |
| Prime Minister |
|
| Succeeded by | Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke |
| Member of Parliament forColombo West | |
| In office 4 August 1977 – 4 February 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency created |
| Succeeded by | Anura Bastian |
| Member of Parliament forColombo South | |
| In office 5 August 1960 – 18 May 1977 | |
| Preceded by | Edmund Samarawickrema |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
| Member of theCeylonese Parliament forKelaniya | |
| In office 30 March 1960 – 23 April 1960 | |
| Preceded by | R. G. Senanayake |
| Succeeded by | R. S. Perera |
| In office 14 October 1947 – 18 February 1956 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency created |
| Succeeded by | R. G. Senanayake |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Junius Richard Jayewardene (1906-09-17)17 September 1906 |
| Died | 1 November 1996(1996-11-01) (aged 90) Colombo, Sri Lanka |
| Party | United National Party |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Ravi Jayewardene(Son) |
| Parents |
|
| Residence | Braemar |
| Alma mater | |
| Profession | Advocate |
| Signature |  |
Junius Richard Jayewardene (Sinhala:ජුනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධන;Tamil:ஜூனியஸ் ரிச்சட் ஜயவர்தனா; 17 September 1906 – 1 November 1996), commonly referred to by his initialsJR, was aSri Lankan lawyer, public official and statesman who served asPrime Minister of Sri Lanka from 1977 to 1978 and as the secondPresident of Sri Lanka from 1978 to 1989. He was a leader of the nationalist movement inCeylon (now Sri Lanka) and served in a variety of cabinet positions in the decades followingindependence. A longtime member of theUnited National Party, he led the party to a landslide victory in the1977 parliamentary elections and served as prime minister for half a year before becoming the country's first executive president under anamended constitution.[1]
Jayawardena remains a divisive figure inSri Lankan history. While theopen economic system he introduced in 1978 brought the country out of the economic turmoil it was facing as the result of thepreceding government'sclosed economic policies,[2] Jayawardene's social policies, including his response to theBlack July riots of 1983, have been accused of heightening ethnic tensions in the country and contributing to the beginnings of theSri Lankan civil war.[3]
Born inColombo to the prominentJayewardene family with a strong association with the legal profession, Jayewardene was the eldest of twelve children, of Hon. JusticeEugene Wilfred JayewardeneKC, a prominent lawyer and Agnes Helen Don Philip Wijewardena daughter ofMuhandiramTudugalage Don Philip Wijewardena a wealthy timber merchant. He was known as Dickie within his family. His younger brothers includedHector Wilfred Jayewardene,QC andRolly Jayewardene,FRCP. His uncles were the ColonelTheodore Jayewardene, JusticeValentine Jayewardene and the media baronD. R. Wijewardena. Raised by an English nanny,[4]
Jayewardene gained admission toRoyal College, Colombo for his secondary education. There he excelled in sports, played for the collegecricket team, debuting in theRoyal–Thomian series in 1925; captained therugby team in 1924 at the annual "Royal–Trinity Encounter" (which later became known as theBradby Shield Encounter); he was the vice-captain of the football team in 1924; and was a member of the boxing team winning sports colours. He was aSenior Cadet; Captain, Debating Team; editor of the college magazine; first Secretary of the Royal College Social Services League in 1921 and thehead prefect in 1925. In later life, he served as president,Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka; President,Singhalese Sports Club; and Secretary, Royal College Union.[5][6]
Following the family tradition, Jayewardene entered theUniversity College, Colombo in 1926, pursuing the Advocate's course, reading English, Latin, Logic and Economics for two years, after which he enteredCeylon Law College in 1928. He formed the College Union based on that of theOxford Union with the assistance ofS. W. R. D. Bandaranaike who had recently returned to Ceylon. At the Ceylon Law College, he won the Hector Jayewardene Gold Medal and the Walter Pereira Prize in 1929. During this time he worked as his father'sprivate secretary, while later served as aPuisne Justice of Supreme Court of Ceylon and in July 1929, he joined three others in forming adining club they calledThe Honorable Society of Pushcannons, which was later renamed as thePriya Sangamaya. In 1931, he passed hisadvocates exams, starting his legal practice in theunofficial bar.
On 28 February 1935, Jayewardene married the heiressElina Bandara Rupasinghe, only daughter of Nancy Margaret Suriyabandara and Gilbert Leonard Rupasinghe, anotary public turned successful businessman. Their only childRavindra "Ravi" Vimal Jayewardene was born the year after.[7] Having originally settled at Jayewardene's parents house,Vaijantha, the Jayewardenes moved to their own houseBraemar in 1938, where they remained the rest of their lives, when not holidaying at theirholiday home inMirissa.[8][9]
Jayewardene was attracted to national politics in his student years and developed strong nationalist views. He converted fromAnglicanism toBuddhism and adopted the national dress as his formal attire.[10][5][11][12]
Jayewardene did not practice law for long. In 1943 he gave up his full-time legal practice to become an activist in theCeylon National Congress (CNC), which provided the organizational platform for Ceylon's nationalist movement (the island was officially renamed Sri Lanka in 1972).[13] He became its Joint Secretary withDudley Senanayake in 1939 and 1940 he was elected to theColombo Municipal Council from the New Bazaar Ward.
He was elected to the colonial legislature, theState Council in 1943 by winning theKelaniya by-election following the resignation of incumbentD. B. Jayatilaka. His victory is credited to his use of an anti-Christian campaign against his opponent the nationalistE. W. Perera.[14] During World War II, Jayewardene, along with other nationalists, contacted the Japanese and discussed a rebellion to drive the British from the island. In 1944, Jayewardene moved a motion in the State Council thatSinhala alone should replace English as the official language.[15]
After joining theUnited National Party on its formation in 1946 as a founder member, he was reelected from theKelaniya electorate in the1st parliamentary election and was appointed byD. S. Senanayake as theMinister of Finance in the island's first Cabinet in 1947. Initiating post-independence reforms, he was instrumental in the establishment of theCentral Bank of Ceylon under the guidance of the American economistJohn Exter. In 1951 Jayewardene was a member of the committee to select a National Anthem for Sri Lanka headed by SirEdwin Wijeyeratne. The following year he was elected as the President of theBoard of Control for Cricket in Ceylon. Heplayed a major role in re-admitting[16] Japan to the world community at theSan Francisco Conference. Jayewardene struggled to balance the budget, faced with mounting government expenditures, particularly for rice subsidies. He was re-elected in1952 parliamentary election and remained as finance minister.
His 1953 proposal to cut the subsidies on which many poor people depended for survival provoked fierce opposition and the1953 Hartal campaign and had to be called off. Following the resignation of Prime MinisterDudley Senanayake after the 1953 Hartal, the new Prime MinisterSir John Kotelawala appointed Jayewardene asminister of agriculture and food andleader of the house.
Prime Minister Sir John Kotelawala called for early elections in 1956 with confidence that the United National Party would win the election. The1956 parliamentary election saw the United National Party suffering a crushing defeat at the hands of the socialist and nationalist coalition led by theSri Lanka Freedom Party headed byS. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. Jayewardene himself lost his parliamentary seat in Kelaniya toR. G. Senanayake, who had contested both his constituency Dambadeniya and Jayewardene's constituency of Kelaniya to defeat the latter after he had forced Senanayake out of the party.
Having lost his seat in parliament, Jayewardene pushed the party to accommodate nationalism and endorse theSinhala Only Act, which was bitterly opposed by the island's minorities. When Bandaranaike agreed withS. J. V. Chelvanayakam in 1957, to solve the outstanding problems of the minorities, Jayawardene led a "March on Kandy" against it, but was stopped at ImbulgodaS. D. Bandaranayake.[14] The U.N.P.'s official organ theSiyarata subsequently ran several anti-Tamil articles, including a poem, containing an exhortation to kill Tamils in almost every line.[17]Throughout the 1960s Jayewardene clashed over this issue with party leaderDudley Senanayake. Jayewardene felt the UNP should be willing to play the ethnic card, even if it meant losing the support of ethnic minorities.
Jayewardene became the vice-president and chief organizer of the United National Party, which achieved a narrow win in theMarch 1960 parliamentary election, forming a government under Dudley Senanayake. Jayewardene having been elected to parliament once again from the Kelaniya electorate was appointed once again as minister of finance. The government lasted only three months and lost theJuly 1960 parliamentary election to a new coalition led by Bandaranayake's widow. Jayewardene remained in parliament in the opposition having been elected from theColombo South electorate.[18]
The United National Party won thenext election in 1965 and formed anational government with theSri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party led byC. P. de Silva. Jayewardene was reelected from the Colombo South electorate uncontested and was appointedChief Government Whip. Senanayake appointed Jayewardene to his cabinet as Minister of State andParliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence and External Affairs thereby becoming thede factodeputy prime minister. No government had given serious thought to the development of the tourism industry as an economically viable venture until the United National Party came to power in 1965 and the subject came under the purview of J. R. Jayewardene. Jayewardene saw tourism as a great industry capable of earning foreign exchange, providing avenues of mass employment, and creating a workforce which commanded high employment potential globally. He was determined to place this industry on a solid foundation, providing it a 'conceptional base and institutional support.' This was necessary to bring dynamism and cohesiveness into an industry, shunned by leaders in the past, and ignored by investors who were inhibited by the lack of incentive to invest in projects which were uncertain of a satisfactory return. Jayewardene considered it essential for the government to give that assurance and with this objective in view, he tabled the Ceylon Tourist Board Act No 10 of 1966 followed byCeylon Hotels Corporation Act No 14 of 1966. At present thetourism industry in Sri Lanka is a major foreign exchange earner with tourist resorts in almost all cities and an annual turnover of over 500,000 tourists enjoying the tropical climes and beaches.[19][20]
In the general election of 1970, the UNP suffered a major defeat, when the SLFP and its newly formed coalition of leftist parties won almost 2/3 of the parliamentary seats. Once again elected to parliament J. R. Jayewardene took over as opposition leader and de facto leader of the UNP due to the ill health of Dudley Senanayake. After Senanayake died in 1973, Jayewardene succeeded him as UNP leader. He gave the SLFP government his fullest support during the1971 JVP Insurrection (even though his son was arrested by the police without charges) and in 1972 when the new constitution was enacted proclaiming Ceylon a republic. However, he opposed the government in many moves, which he saw as short-sighted and damaging to the country's economy in the long run. These included the adaptation of the closed economy and nationalization of many private businesses and lands. In 1976 he resigned from his seat in parliament in protest, when the government used its large majority in parliament to extend the duration of the government by two more years at the end of its six-year term without holding a general election or a referendum requesting public approval.
Tapping into growing anger with the SLFP government, Jayewardene led the UNP to a crushing victory in the1977 election. The UNP won a staggering five-sixths of the seats in parliament—a total that was magnified by the first-past-the-post system, and one of the most lopsided victories ever recorded for a democratic election. Having been elected to parliament from theColombo West Electoral District, Jayewardene became Prime Minister andformed a new government.
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Shortly thereafter, he amended theconstitution of 1972 to make the presidency an executive post. The provisions of the amendment automatically made the incumbent prime minister—himself—president, and he was sworn in as president on 4 February 1978. He passed anew constitution on 31 August 1978 which came into operation on 7 September of the same year, which granted the president sweeping—and according to some critics, almost dictatorial—powers. He moved the legislative capital from Colombo toSri Jayawardanapura Kotte. He had likely SLFP presidential nomineeSirimavo Bandaranaike stripped of her civic rights and barred from running for office for six years, based on her decision in 1976 to extend the term of parliament. This ensured that the SLFP would be unable to field a strong candidate against him in the1982 election, leaving his path to victory clear. This election was held under the 3rd amendment to the constitution which empowered the president to hold a Presidential Election anytime after the expiration of four years of his first term. He held a referendum to cancel the 1983 parliamentary elections, and allow the 1977 parliament to continue until 1989. He also passed a constitutional amendment barring from Parliament any MP who supportedseparatism; this effectively eliminated the main opposition party, theTamil United Liberation Front.
There was a complete turnaround in economic policy under him as the previous policies had led to economic stagnation. He opened the heavily state-controlled economy to market forces, which many credit with subsequent economic growth. He opened up the economy and introduced moreliberal economic policies emphasizing private sector-led development. Policies were changed to create an environment conducive to foreign and local investment, to promote export-led growth shifting from previous policies of import substitution. To facilitate export-oriented enterprises and to administer Export Processing Zones the Greater Colombo Economic Commission was established. Food subsidies were curtailed and targeted through a Food Stamps Scheme extended to the poor. The system of rice rationing was abolished. The Floor Price Scheme and the Fertilizer Subsidy Scheme were withdrawn. New welfare schemes, such as free school books and theMahapola Scholarship Programme, were introduced. The rural credit programme expanded with the introduction of the New Comprehensive Rural Credit Scheme and several other medium and long-term credit schemes aimed at small farmers and theself-employed.[21]
He also launched large-scale infrastructure development projects. He launched an extensive housing development program to meet housing shortages in urban and rural areas. TheAccelerated Mahaweli Programme built new reservoirs and largehydropower projects such as theKotmale,Victoria,Randenigala,Rantembe andUlhitiya. Several Trans Basin Canals were also built to divert water to the Dry Zone.[21]
His administration launched several wildlife conservation initiatives. This included stopping commercial logging inrain forests such asSinharaja Forest Reserve which was designated aWorld Biosphere Reserve in 1978 and aWorld Heritage Site in 1988.
Jayewardene moved to crack down on the growing activity ofTamil militant groups active since the mid-1970s. He passed thePrevention of Terrorism Act in 1979, giving police sweeping powers to arrest and detain. This only escalated the ethnic tensions. Jayewardene claimed he needed overwhelming power to deal with the militants. After the1977 riots, the government made one concession to the Tamils; it lifted thepolicy of standardization for university admission that had driven many Tamil youths into militancy. The concession was regarded by the militants as too little and too late, and violent attacks continued, culminating in the ambush ofFour Four Bravo which led to theBlack July riots. Black July riots transformed the militancy into a civil war, with the swelling ranks of the militant groups. By 1987, theLTTE had emerged as the dominant of the Tamil militant groups and had a free hand over theJaffna Peninsula, limiting government activities in that region. Jayewardene's administration responded with a massive military operation codenamedOperation Liberation to eliminate the LTTE leadership. Jayewardene had to halt the offensive after pressure from India pushed for a negotiated solution to the conflict after executingOperation Poomalai. Jayewardene and Indian Prime MinisterRajiv Gandhi finally concluded theIndo-Sri Lanka Accord, which provided fordevolution of powers to Tamil-dominated regions, anIndian peacekeeping force in the north, and the demobilization of the LTTE.
The LTTE rejected the accord, as it fell short of even an autonomous state. The provincial councils suggested by India did not have powers to control revenue, policing, or government-sponsoredSinhala settlements in Tamil provinces. Sinhala nationalists were outraged by both the devolution and the presence of foreign troops on Sri Lankan soil. Anattempt was made on Jayewardene's life in 1987 as a result of his signing of the accord. Young, deprived Sinhalese soon rose in arevolt, organized by theJanatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) which was eventually put down by the government by 1989.
In contrast with his predecessor,Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Jayewardena's foreign policy was aligned with American policies (earning him the nickname 'Yankie Dickie') much to the chagrin of India. Before Jayewardena's ascendency into the presidency, Sri Lanka had doors widely open to neighboring India. Jayewardena's tenure in the office restricted the doors to India several times; once an American company tender was granted over an Indian company tender.
Jayewardene hosted QueenElizabeth II on a visit to Sri Lanka in October 1981.
In 1984, Jayewardene made an officialState visit the United States; first Sri Lankan President to do so, upon the invitation of then US PresidentRonald Reagan.
Jayewardene left office and retired from politics in 1989 after the conclusion of his second term as president at the age of 82;[22] after his successorRanasinghe Premadasa was formally inaugurated on 2 January 1989. He did not re-enter politics during his retirement even after the assassination of Premadasa in 1993.
Jayewardene died of colon cancer, on 1 November 1996, aged 90, at a hospital in Colombo.[23] He was survived by his wife,Elina, and his son,Ravi.[24]The government had announced that the state funeral would be held at Independence Square, a site of national significance where many of Sri Lanka's greatest leaders have been cremated. United National Party (UNP) leader Ranil Wickremesinghe also expressed his support for this location, honoring the late President's stature and legacy.
However, a compelling personal request emerged from the late President's only son, Ravi Jayewardene. He revealed a diary entry written by his father in 1991, in which the former president had clearly expressed his final wish. The note read:
"Please cremate my body within 24 hours of my death on the Kelaniya river bank."
This request reflected the President's deep connection to Kelaniya, his original political electorate, and highlighted his desire for a more personal and symbolic farewell.[25]
On the economic front, Jayewardene's legacy is decisively a positive one.[21] His economic policies are often credited with saving the Sri Lankan economy from ruin.[2] For thirty years after independence, Sri Lanka had struggled in vain with slow growth and high unemployment. By opening up the country for extensive foreign investments, lifting price controls and promoting private enterprise (which had taken a heavy hit because of the policies of the preceding administration), Jayewardene ensured that the island maintained healthy growth despite the civil war. William K. Steven ofThe New York Times observes, "President Jayawardene's economic policies were credited with transforming the economy from one of scarcity to one of abundance."[2][26]
_with_Hon_J.R_Jayewardene_%2526_Dr._Nissanka_Wijeyeratne.jpg)
On the ethnic question, Jayewardene's legacy is bitterly divisive. When he took office, ethnic tensions were present in the country but were not overtly volatile. But relations between the two ethnicities heavily deteriorated during his administration and his response to these tensions and the signs of conflict has been heavily criticized.[3][4] President Jayewardene saw these differences between the Sinhalese and Tamils as being ''an unbridgeable gap''.[26] Jayewardene said in an interview with the Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1983, "Really, if I starve theTamils out, the Sinhala people will be happy"[27][28][29][30] about the widespread anti-Tamil sentiments among the Sinhalese at that time.[26]
Highly respected in Japan for his call for peace and reconciliation with post-war Japan at thePeace Conference in San Francisco in 1951, a statue of Jayewardene was erected atthe Kamakura Temple in theKanagawa Prefecture in Japan in his honor.[31]
In 1988, theJ. R. Jayewardene Centre was established by the J.R. Jayewardene Centre Act No. 77 of 1988 by Parliament at the childhood home of J. R. Jayewardene Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo. It serves as an archive for J. R. Jayewardene's library and papers as well as papers, records from thePresidential Secretariat and gifts he received in his tenure as president.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | President of Sri Lanka 1978–1989 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Sri Lanka 1977–1978 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement 1978–1979 | Succeeded by |
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